A dynamic model for assessing radiological consequences of tritium routinely released in rivers. Application to the Loire River

A dynamic model for assessing the transfer of tritium in a food chain was applied to the Loire River, where 14 nuclear power plants situated on five different sites operate. The model considers several potential exposure pathways in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: transfer of tritium through the aquatic food chain (especially fish); use of river water for agricultural purposes (irrigation) and transfer of radionuclides through the terrestrial food chain (vegetables, meat, milk); subsequent internal exposure of humans due to ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. For biological environmental compartments, the transfer of tritium to organic matter (i.e. OBT) was simulated. For each of the parameters introduced in this model, a probability density function, allowing further uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, was proposed. Uncertainty/sensitivity analyses were performed to determine a confidence interval for the mean annual dose to critical groups and to identify the parameters responsible for the uncertainty and subsequent research priorities.     

Seasonal variations in 228Ra/226Ra ratio within coastal waters of the Sea of Japan: implications for water circulation patterns in coastal areas

In this study, low-background gamma-spectrometry was used to determine the (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of 131 coastal water samples from various environments around Honshu Island, Japan (mainly around Noto Peninsula) at 1-3 month intervals from April 2003 until September 2005. Spatial variation in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratios was also assessed by analyzing 34 coastal water samples from five areas within the Sea of Japan during May and June 2004. The (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio of coastal water from all sites around Noto Peninsula shows seasonal variation, with minimum values during summer ((228)Ra/(226)Ra=0.7) and maximum values during autumn-winter ((228)Ra/(226)Ra=1.7-2). This seasonal variation is similar to that recorded for coastal water between Tsushima Strait and Noto Peninsula. The measured lateral variation in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratios within coastal water between Tsushima Strait and Noto Peninsula is only minor (0.5-0.7; May-June 2004). Coastal waters from two other sites (Pacific shore and Tsugaru Strait, north Honshu) show no clear seasonal variation in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio. These measured variations in (228)Ra/(226)Ra ratio, especially the temporal variations, have important implications for seasonal changes in patterns of coastal water circulation within the Sea of Japan.     

Effect of simultaneous exposure to benzene and ethanol on urinary thioether excretion

The toxicity of benzene is not an issue of the past, especially in developing countries. Bone marrow toxicity is demonstrated among workers. In this study, the effect of simultaneous exposure to benzene and ethanol on benzene metabolism in mice was investigated by measuring the excretion of thioethers in urine. Urinary thioether excretion significantly decreased in the mice receiving both benzene and ethanol compared with the animals receiving benzene only. The assay of determining thioethers in urine samples in this study is a simple and low-cost method, thus suitable for routine use, especially in developing countries, not only for benzene, but also for other alkilating agents, which can be found during occupational exposure. Our results suggest that further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of decreased urinary excretion of thioether after simultaneous exposure to benzene and ethanol.     

Parallel and serial methods of calculating thermal insulation in European manikin standards

Standard No. EN 15831:2004 provides 2 methods of calculating insulation: parallel and serial. The parallel method is similar to the global one defined in Standard No. ISO 9920:2007. Standards No. EN 342:2004, EN 14058:2004 and EN 13537:2002 refer to the methods defined in Standard No. EN ISO 15831:2004 for testing cold protective clothing or equipment. However, it is necessary to consider several issues, e.g., referring to measuring human subjects, when using the serial method. With one zone, there is no serial-parallel issue as the results are the same, while more zones increase the difference in insulation value between the methods. If insulation is evenly distributed, differences between the serial and parallel method are relatively small and proportional. However, with more insulation layers overlapping in heavy cold protective ensembles, the serial method produces higher insulation values than the parallel one and human studies. Therefore, the parallel method is recommended for standard testing.     

人血清中全氟和多氟烷基化合物及典型异构体的暴露特征与健康风险评估

为探究全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)及典型异构体在人血清中的暴露特征,利用高效液相色谱串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS)分析检测了60个人类血清样本中包括全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)异构体在内的16种PFASs.结果表明,除PFOA的异构体4m-PFOA与5m-PFOA外,所有目标PFASs均被检出.ΣPFASs的血清浓度为2.15～77.22 ng·mL^-1,n-PFOS是血清中贡献率最高的PFASs,其次为3+5mPFOS、4m-PFOS、n-PFOA及全氟己烷磺酸(PFHxS),PFOS所有的异构体与PFHxS、PFNA之间均存在显著的正相关关系.探究不同性别和年龄段的人类血清的PFASs发现,男性血清中的PFASs浓度显著高于女性,高年龄段人群血清中的PFASs浓度高于低年龄段人群.健康风险表征显示,血清中所有的PFASs单体的风险熵值HQ均小于1,PFASs的总和危险指数HI也小于1,血清中的现有浓度的PFASs对造成人类肝毒性和生殖毒性的风险程度较低,肝毒性与生殖毒性HI的主要贡献者均为n-PFOS,其次为3+5m-PFOS与...     

神农架大九湖移民搬迁居民能源替代探讨

自2013年开始,神农架大九湖湿地启动生态移民工程.为了解大九湖生态搬迁后居民用火用电情况以及资源消耗情况变化,采用样地调查和走访调查的方法,对搬迁户、未搬迁户的能源消耗情况进行收集和分析.结果 表明:除了人口和牲畜数量,海拔也是家庭影响能源消耗的重要因素,薪柴量和用电量相差84％和62.1％,因此搬迁工作可以优先考虑高海拔地区;搬迁前后,居民做饭消耗从基本完全依赖薪柴转变为燃气和电混用,取暖消耗由薪柴转变为燃煤,搬迁后,居民实现了薪柴的零消耗和森林零砍伐,用电量大幅增加,相比搬迁前生活成本增加了折合3450元左右;搬迁后居民居住条件、生活条件、交通设施、创收机会均有所改善;搬迁的431户居民相当于每年保护森林47.08 hm2,对于封山育林和生态恢复工作起到了积极作用.     

神农架大九湖湿地公园脊椎动物多样性概况

为了更好的了解和保护大九湖湿地环境和资源,在2016 ～ 2018年间对湿地动物多样性进行了12次野外调查,共记录到脊椎动物26目78科232种,其中鱼类2目2科12种,两栖类2目5科12种,爬行类1目6科14种,鸟类16目52科167种,兽类5目13科27种;其中东洋种有114种,古北种有69种,广布种有37种;以金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)、白尾海雕(Haliaeetus albicilla)和黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)等为代表的国家级、省级保护动物79种.基于Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数分析,多样性表现为鸟类＞兽类＞爬行类＞两栖类＞鱼类;均匀性表现为爬行类＞鸟类＞兽类＞两栖类＞鱼类.结果 表明大九湖湿地脊椎动物具有种类较多、多样性较高、国家级保护动物较多但种群密度低、优势种不明显、湿地鸟类较多、东洋界种占优势等特点,是湿地及林灌丛生态系统的重要生物类群.     

江苏省水质全要素代表性监测体系的设计

为了评价并进行城市水环境质量考核排名,介绍了江苏省组织开展涵盖地表水、饮用水、地下水、近岸海域和城市内河5种类型"全要素、代表性"水质监测断面(点位)体系建设工作的情况以及全要素断面设置的基本原则和做法。分苏南、苏北、苏中3个区域,对全省地表水监测代表性进行了量化计算,结果表明,调整后全省水质综合指数极差从41.07降至7.17,标准差从3.16降为0.49;采用德尔斐层次分析法分析,设计了水质代表性指数,含1项一级指标、5项二级指标、12项三级指标,计算表明,调整前全省水质代表性指数得分为69.1分,调整后为88.7分。将调整结果进行论证后再与各市环保主管部门交换意见,取得最终一致后正式实施。     

南黄海2007—2017年浮游植物群落结构及多样性变化

在2007-2017年秋季，利用专业海洋调查船对整个南黄海海域开展了5个航次的浮游植物调查。结果发现：调查海域共有浮游植物371种，隶属4门108属。其中硅藻门有56属237种，甲藻门有24属98种，硅藻和甲藻是组成南黄海海域浮游植物最主要的两大类群。主要优势种有裸甲藻（Gymnodinium sp.）、柔弱拟菱形藻（Nitz.delicatissima）、蓝隐藻（Chroomonas sp.）、菱形海线藻（Thalassionema nitzschioides）、锥状施克里普藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和环沟藻（Gyrodinium spp.）等。2007年以来，南黄海浮游植物种类数呈明显上升趋势。浮游植物细胞密度平均为1.96×10⁴个/L，年际变化较大。将调查结果与众多文献比对，共发现9种藻类为中国新记录藻种，其中有4种硅藻和5种甲藻。