深圳市不同土类的重金属环境背景值与理化性质特征

城市土壤环境背景值特征研究可为制定区域土壤背景值标准提供科学依据.为摸清深圳市不同土类重金属（Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Co、V、Cd和Hg）的环境背景值特征,探究重金属环境背景值与土壤理化性质的关系,在全市布设500个土壤背景点位,采用多点增量法采集500个土壤表层（0~20 cm）样品,赤红壤405个,红壤77个,黄壤18个.结果表明：①红壤重金属的背景值整体偏低,赤红壤Cr、Ni、Co和V以及黄壤Cu、Zn、Hg、Pb和Cd的背景值高于其他土类;3种土类中Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Co和V的背景值比全国"七五"背景值低,Cd和Hg背景值与全国"七五"背景值较为接近,Pb背景值高于全国"七五"背景值;②9种重金属背景值的空间分布规律差异较大,Pb、Zn和Co呈明显的地带性分布格局,Cr、Cu、Ni、V、Cd和Hg表现为点状分布格局;③将不同土类重金属背景值与理化性质参数进行相关性分析,发现赤红壤重金属背景值与理化性质的相关性最为显著;④通过逐步回归分析,将赤红壤中重金属背景值与理化性质参数的关系进行定量化表达,探明影响赤红壤重金属背景值的理化性质参数依次为机械组成、pH、有机质和阳离子交换量.     

流域水生态空间管控下生境监测方法概述

生境被认为是区域内为水环境中生物提供生存和生长环境的物理、化学和生物特征,是水生态空间中支持和维持生物及其生态功能的重要空间.生境特征对阐释流域生态系统的结构和功能具有重要意义.然而,生境具有空间和时间尺度的异质性以及空间自相关性,尤其是大时空尺度下其生态功能的维持具有更加复杂的机制和过程.这决定了表征和阐释生境特征是极其困难的,特别是表征大时空尺度下的特征.尽管现有研究提出诸多涉及不同尺度的生境监测方法,但对实现长期跟踪多尺度下流域生境整体变化仍缺少成熟的方法.本文从生境的概念、生境监测的目的和意义引出生境的特点及生境监测对流域水生态环境管控的重要性,归纳了主流生境监测方法的特点及主要差异,综述了生境监测中关键的科学问题（如空间尺度、区域范围、特征参数和数据信息获取方法等）,提出我国现阶段生境监测核心内容的建议,以期为流域生态空间管控下生境监测的应用和研究提供借鉴.     

响应面法优化铝灰中氮化铝脱除工艺

为了优化二次铝灰中AlN氧化焙烧脱除工艺,基于响应面法建立了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、铝灰粒径等工艺参数与AlN脱除率之间的数学模型,并进行了方差分析,对铝灰中AlN的脱除工艺参数进行了优化设计。结果表明,所建立的回归模型能够准确预测AlN脱除率,预测值与实验值误差为0.93%。经优化设计得到铝灰中AlN的最佳脱除工艺参数为：焙烧温度1 026 ℃,焙烧时间36 min,铝灰粒径110目（铝灰粒径指其所对应目数的筛下料）。     

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes on the freshwater diatom Nitzschia frustulum: evaluation of growth,cellular components and morphology

Great attention should be paid to the possible impacts of various nanoparticles on aquatic organism. Freshwater diatoms are essential components of phytoplankton and play a critical role in bioassessment of nanoparticle exposure in the environment. In this study, cell growth was inhibited by TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs, the 24?h EC₅₀ values of TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs to Nitzschia frustulum were 20.75 and 24.64?mg?L^?1, respectively. Significant decreases of Chl a content after TiO₂-NPs exposures were detected and the Chl a content of N. frustulum was obviously increased by MWCNTs treatment at lower concentration. The ROS was detected in N. frustulum after TiO₂-NPs and MWCNTs exposures. The MDA content was significantly induced by TiO₂-NPs at lower concentrations of 24 and 48?h exposure; meanwhile, it increased at all tested concentrations at 24?h MWCNTs exposure. The SOD enzyme was induced by 72 and 96?h TiO₂-NPs exposure, and increased by MWCNTs treatment at 96?h in N. frustulum. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that N. frustulum had obvious cell deformation after TiO₂-NPs treatment. The result showed that the physiological and biochemical response mechanisms after NPs exposure of diatom were species-specific, and in relation to the exposure concentration and time.     

富水区隧道渗漏病害虹吸排水处置方法模型试验研究

针对隧道渗漏水病害问题,提出了一种新型隧道虹吸排水处置方法。通过室内物理模型试验,分析了虹吸排水作用对隧道围岩地下水的影响。结果表明:虹吸排水系统对地下水位的分布影响较大,虹吸管处地下水位变化尤为明显。降雨强度是影响虹吸排水流量的重要因素,降雨强度增大,虹吸排水流量先增大后维持最大流量不变,降雨所需疏干时间增长。围岩渗透系数与虹吸管径是影响地下水位分布与虹吸排水效果的重要因素,围岩渗透系数与虹吸管径越大,地下水位整体降深越大,虹吸排水流量维持在最大流量的稳定时间越短,地下水疏干时间越短,虹吸排水效果越好。     

Occurrence,distribution and risk assessment of abused drugs and their metabolites in a typical urban river in north China

We developed a method for determining 11 abused drugs in water and sediment. METH and EPH were the dominant drugs in water and sediment in Beiyunhe River. Abuse drugs in Beiyunhe River were mainly from hospitals and sewage effluents. Abused drugs in the water would not impair the aquatic ecosystem biologically. This study investigated the presence of 11 abused drugs and their metabolites, including amphetamine, methamphetamine (METH), ketamine, ephedrine (EPH), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methadone, morphine, heroin, codeine, and methcathinone in the surface water and sediment samples of Beiyunhe River, a typical urban river flowing through Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei provinces in North China. An analytical method of determining these abused drugs and their metabolites in water and sediment was developed and validated prior to sample collection in the study area. Results showed that METH and EPH were predominant in water and sediment samples. The total drug concentrations ranged from 26.6 to 183.0 ng/L in water and from 2.6 to 32.4 ng/g dry weight in sediment, and the drugs mainly originated from hospitals and sewage treatment plants. The average field-based sediment water distribution coefficients of abused drugs were calculated between 149.3 and 1214.0 L/kg and corrected by organic carbon. Quotient method was used to assess the risks. The findings revealed that these drugs and their metabolites at determined concentrations in water samples will not impair the aquatic ecosystem biologically, but their potential harmful effect on the function of the ecosystem and human health should not be overlooked.     

Rapid control of black and odorous substances from heavily-polluted sediment by oxidation: Efficiency and effects

Oxidants were proposed to rapidly control black and odorous substances in sediments. NaClO and KMnO₄ had excellent efficiency to remove black and odorous substances. NaClO dramatically accelerated the release of organics, NH₄⁺-N, P, and heavy-metals. Moderate oxidation had a limited effect on microbial communities. NaClO of 0.2 mmol/g was viewed to be the optimum option. The control of black and odorous substances in sediments is of crucial importance to improve the urban ecological landscape and to restore water environments accordingly. In this study, chemical oxidation by the oxidants NaClO, H₂O₂, and KMnO₄ was proposed to achieve rapid control of black and odorous substances in heavily-polluted sediments. Results indicate that NaClO and KMnO₄ are effective at removing Fe(II) and acid volatile sulfides. The removal efficiencies of Fe(II) and AVS were determined to be 45.2%, 94.1%, and 93.7%, 89.5% after 24-h exposure to NaClO and KMnO₄ at 0.2 mmol/g, respectively. Additionally, rapid oxidation might accelerate the release of pollutants from sediment. The release of organic matters and phosphorus with the maximum ratios of 22.1% and 51.2% was observed upon NaClO oxidation at 0.4 mmol/g. Moreover, the introduction of oxidants contributed to changes in the microbial community composition in sediment. After oxidation by NaClO and KMnO₄ at 0.4 mmol/g, the Shannon index decreased from 6.72 to 5.19 and 4.95, whereas the OTU numbers decreased from 2904 to 1677 and 1553, respectively. Comparatively, H₂O₂ showed a lower effect on the removal of black and odorous substances, pollutant release, and changes in sediment microorganisms. This study illustrates the effects of oxidant addition on the characteristics of heavily polluted sediments and shows that chemical oxidants may be an option to achieve rapid control of black and odorous substances prior to remediation of water environments.     

Properties of mortars made by uncalcined FGD gypsum-fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag composite binder

A series of novel mortars were developed from composite binder of uncalcined FGD gypsum, fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) for the good utilization of flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum. At a fixed ratio (20%) of GGBFS to the composite binder, keeping consistency of the mortar between 9.5 and 10.0 cm, the properties of the composite mortar were studied. The results show that higher water/binder (W/B) is required to keep the consistency when increasing the percentage of FGD gypsum. No obvious influences of the W/B and content of FGD gypsum on the bleeding of paste were observed which keeps lower than 2% under all experimental conditions tried. The highest compressive and flexural strengths (ratio is 20% FGD gypsum, 20% GGBFS and 60% FA) are 22.6 and 4.3 MPa at 28 days, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that massive ettringite crystals and C-S-H gels exist in the hydration products. At 90 days the mortars with FGD gypsum is dramatically smaller drying shrinkage (563-938 micro strain) than that without FGD gypsum (about 2250 micro strain). The release of the SO(4)(2-) from the mortar was analyzed, indicating that the dissolution of sulfate increases with FGD gypsum. The concentration of SO(4)(2-) releasing from the mortar with 10% FGD gypsum is almost equal to that obtained from the mortar without FGD gypsum. The release of SO(4)(2-) from the mortar with 20% FGD gypsum is 9200 mg·m(-2), which is lower than that from the mortar with 95% cement clinker and 5% FGD gypsum.     

Fenton试剂强化微电解工艺预处理难降解含氰农药废水

采用Fenton试剂强化微电解反应预处理难降解含氰农药废水.实验结果表明,在总反应时间为3.0 h、反应开始时加入1 mL/L H2O2、反应1.5 h后再加入3mL/L H2O2的条件下,出水COD为372.0 mg/L,COD去除率可达80.2％,出水p(CNˉ)为2.2 mg/L,色度为20倍,BOD5/COD为0.35,可实现处理效果与经济成本的最优化.采用紫外-可见光谱分析处理后废水,发现Fenton试剂强化微电解反应可破坏部分微电解作用难以降解的有机物,但对苯环的降解能力均有限.     

阴极电势对微生物电合成系统还原CO2合成有机物性能的影响

采用微生物电合成系统（MES）还原CO₂合成有机物,从微生物菌群、有机物积累量、库伦效率、电化学分析等多个角度研究了阴极电势对MES还原CO₂合成有机物性能的影响。实验结果表明：阴极电势为-0.70 V时,甲酸和乙酸的积累量均最大（分别为1.554 mmol/L和2.754 mmol/L）,系统的总库伦效率最大（为81.42%）;在MES中,醋杆菌（Acetobacterium sp.）、假丝酵母菌（Candida sp. S）、地杆菌（Geobacter sp.）为优势菌种。