Estimation of the contributions of long range transported aerosol in East Asia to carbonaceous aerosol and PM concentrations in Seoul, Korea using highly time resolved measurements: a PSCF model approach

The contributions of long range transported aerosol in East Asia to carbonaceous aerosol and particulate matter (PM) concentrations in Seoul, Korea were estimated with potential source contribution function (PSCF) calculations. Carbonaceous aerosol (organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)), PM(2.5), and PM(10) concentrations were measured from April 2007 to March 2008 in Seoul, Korea. The PSCF and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) receptor models were used to identify the spatial source distributions of OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particles. Heavily industrialized areas in Northeast China such as Harbin and Changchun and East China including the Pearl River Delta region, the Yangtze River Delta region, and the Beijing-Tianjin region were identified as high OC, EC and PM(2.5) source areas. The conditional PSCF analysis was introduced so as to distinguish the influence of aerosol transported from heavily polluted source areas on a receptor site from that transported from relatively clean areas. The source contributions estimated using the conditional PSCF analysis account for not only the aerosol concentrations of long range transported aerosols but also the number of transport days effective on the measurement site. Based on the proposed algorithm, the condition of airmass pathways was classified into two types: one condition where airmass passed over the source region (PS) and another condition where airmass did not pass over the source region (NPS). For most of the seasons during the measurement period, 249.5-366.2% higher OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particle concentrations were observed at the measurement site under PS conditions than under NPS conditions. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particles under PS, NPS, and background aerosol conditions were quantified. The contributions of long range transported aerosols on the OC, EC, PM(2.5), and coarse particle concentrations during several Asian dust events were also estimated. We also investigated the performance of the PSCF results obtained from combining highly time resolved measurement data and backward trajectory calculations via comparison with those from data in low resolutions. Reduced tailing effects and the larger coverage over the area of interest were observed in the PSCF results obtained from using the highly time resolved data and trajectories.     

The Integrated Pest Management Educator Pilot Project in Boston Public Housing: Results and Recommendations

Abstract

The German cockroach is the most common pest of urban, low-income housing in the United States and is associated with high pesticide use by residents. Cockroach allergen is implicated in asthma exacerbation and initiation and in the growing social and medical aspects of the disease. A safe and secure home environment is an environmental justice issue, and environmentally sound and effective models of cockroach control are needed in public and low-income multifamily housing. One model that offers potential is the integrated pest management (IPM) peer educator model (IPM Educator) in public housing as a component of IPM. A pre–post-analysis of an IPM Educator pilot programme in Boston public housing was undertaken. Thirty-four moderate- to high-infested units received baseline assessment and three applications of gel baits and IPM treatment by a pest control operator. Before the first pest control application, residents received written notice to prepare their units for treatment, a standard procedure. Before the second and third pest control treatments, an IPM Educator instructed residents in basic pest biology and habits, preparation for treatment, and the role of sanitation in pest control. Results showed a significant improvement in rate of preparation for pest control treatment after the IPM Educator intervention when compared with the preparation rate before the education intervention, and a significant reduction in cockroach populations by the third visit in units that were prepared and had improved sanitation, when compared with unprepared units and unclean units. The IPM peer educator is a promising, low-cost model of educating and engaging residents of urban, low-income, multifamily housing in environmentally sound pest control, thereby giving them some power and control over their living environment. It is also a potential source of professional training and jobs for public housing and other low-income housing residents.     

利益相关者的观点:推动组织

清洁生产原则的积极推广,有赖于政府、工业界和“推动组织“(例如金融和教育机构、非政府组织、技术指导人员和咨询人员、工业协会)间有效合作伙伴关系的推动与发展.本文引证了推动组织参与的一些成功行动.迫切希望不同的利益相关者在推动社会向可持续性发展转化中,发挥更积极的作用.     

Urea hydrolysis and recovery of nitrogen and phosphorous as MAP from stale human urine

Laboratory-scale tests for magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP)precipitation following urea hydrolysis of human urine were conducted using orthogonal experiment design.The effects of initial pH,temperature and the volumetric ratios of stale urine to fresh urine,on urea hydrolysis in urine were studied to determine the final hydrolysis time to recover most nitrogen from separated human urine by MAP.With a volumetric ratio of stale to fresh urine>10% and at temperature≥20℃,urea hydrolysis could be completed i...     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) hydrolysis: Theoretical and experimental studies

In this study, the effects of low temperature on aluminum(III) (Al) hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3(am)) and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species. First, thermodynamic data of Al species at 4 degrees C were calculated from that at 25 degrees C. A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO4Al12(OH)24(7+)(Al13), was involved in building the diagrams and, correspondingly, the non-linear simultaneous equations with 13 degrees were resolved. Secondly, polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and ferron-based spectrophotometry were applied for constructing the practical diagrams. The results show that a decrease of temperature from 25 to 4 degrees C caused the Al(OH)3(am) boundary on the solubility diagram to shift toward the alkaline side by about 1.0 pH unit and the minimum solubility of Al(OH)3(am) to reduce by 1.0 log unit. The distribution diagram indicates that the monomeric Al, Al13, and solid-phase Al(OH)3 were alternately the predominant species with the increase of pH value during Al hydrolysis. At 25 degrees C, Al13 was the dominant species in a pH range of 4.0 to 4.5, whereas at 4 degrees C, All3 was the leading species in a pH range spaced from 4.5 to 6.3. The predominant species changed from the monomeric Al to the solid-phase Al(OH)3 over the range of 1.8 pH units at 4 degrees C in comparison with the range of 0.5 pH unit at 25 degrees C.     

Effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ) hydrolysis:Theoretical and experimental studies

In this study,the effects of low temperature on aluminum(Ⅲ)(Al)hydrolysis were examined both theoretically and experimentally by constructing a solubility diagram for amorphous aluminum hydroxide(Al(OH)_3(am))and a distribution diagram of hydrolyzed Al species.First,thermodynamic data of Al species at 4℃were calculated from that at 25℃.A well confirmed polymeric Al species, AlO_4Al_(12)(OH)_(24)~(7+)(Al_(13)),was involved in building the diagrams and,correspondingly,the non-linear simultaneous equations ...     

河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究现状与问题

文章系统阐述了近30年来河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究方面取得的进展、现状及目前存在的问题,这些问题主要包括:河流锶同位素比值对于源岩的解释问题、河流锶元素含量及其同位素组成的全球参比值问题、不同的端元输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响以及不同制约因素及研究方法对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的影响等问题。根据目前的研究资料,笔者指出在进行河流锶元素及其同位素地球化学研究过程中应当:(1)考虑矿物岩石在风化过程中锶元素的释放特征及其同位素演化规律;(2)结合同位素地球化学及雨水化学方法对大气及人类活动输入对河流锶元素及其同位素组成的贡献进行校正;(3)开展主要流域的研究工作,尤其是不同构造、地质及气候背景条件不同流域间的对比研究,建立河流锶元素及其同位素组成区域参比值;(4)在研究方法上,应该对区域内降雨、岩石、土壤、沉积物及地下水中的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征进行系统分析,包括不同形态的锶元素及其同位素地球化学特征的研究。     

香港及珠三角地区MODIS高分辨率气溶胶光学厚度的反演

为了有效解决地区性和城市范围内的气溶胶分布并反演陆地上气溶胶的性质,一种针对中分辨率成像光谱辐射计(MODIS)的气溶胶反演新算法应运而生.本文首先通过改良的最小反射率技术(MRT)来确定季节性的地表反射率和利用瑞利通道辐射率中解析出大气上气溶胶的反射率来估计气溶胶的反射系数.结果表明,MRT地表反射率的图像和MODIS地表反射系数的产品(MOD09)有很好的契合度.两者的相关系数高达0.9.此外,考虑到不同气溶胶的光学性质和太阳观测组合对计算辐射传输的影响,本研究还制定了全面广泛的差算表(LUT).由此产生的卫星500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)和香港太阳光度计(AERONET)及MicrotopsⅡ观测资料的相关系数r分别为0.96和0.87(相伴概率值P<0.0001).该研究证明了城区高分辨率气溶胶反演的可行性,还能帮助研究气溶胶的分布和城区大气瞬态污染的影响.此外,MODIS 500m分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度图像还可用于研究跨境气溶胶,使定位珠江三角洲区域污染源变得可行.     

Mass transfer in the absorption of SO2 and NOx using aqueous euchlorine scrubbing solution

Attempts have been made to generate euchlorine gas by chlorate-chloride process and to utilize it further to clean up SO2 and NOx from the flue gas in a lab scale bubbling reactor.Preliminary experiments were carried out to determine the gas and liquid phase mass transfer coefficients and their correlation equations have been established.Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx from the simulated flue gas using aqueous euchlorine scrubbing solution has been investigated.Euchlorine oxidized NO into NO2 completely and the later subsequently absorbed into the scrubbing solution in the form of nitrate.SO2 removal efficiency of around 100% and NOx removal efficiency of around 72 % were achieved under optimized conditions.Mass balance has been confirmed by analyzing the sulfate, nitrate, euchlorine and chloride ion using ion chromatograph/auto-titrator and comparing it with their corresponding calculated values.     

An experimental study on the airlift pump with air jet nozzle and booster pump

The experiments for high head airlifting performance with vertical tube were examined for wastewater treatment. Comparing with the centrifugal pump and other pumps, the airlift pump has some problems and limited applications. However, an advantage of an airlift pump is in its geometrical simplicity, not having any moving parts, so it is suitable in lifting fluids including tiny pieces of metal or grit. In this study, for the purpose of high lifting head, an air jet nozzle was used. We have performed experimentally according to various characteristics of the airlift pump system such as the change of submerged depth, lifting head of liquid-air mixture (total head) and air flow rate. This work has verified through experiments that airlift pump shows lifting ability for 3 m (S_r = 0.3) in comparison with conventional height, 2 m (S_r = 0.4). Also, we suggested that the new airlift pump system with the air booster pump be used to improve the higher lifting head performance.