亲水性多孔载体在流化床中的生物膜形成过程分析

采用实验制备的一种新型亲水性多孔聚合物作为流化床反应器中生物膜附着生长的载体,实现流态化水力条件下的生物挂膜过程.在3个结构尺寸相同的流化床反应器中考察了接种污泥浓度、进水有机负荷及载体粒径对亲水性多孔载体生物挂膜量的影响,试验结果表明,接种污泥浓度为30 g VSS/L、进水TOC值为350 mg/L、载体粒径为5～8 mm时载体表面的附着生物量最大,反应器运行12 d的载体附着生物量达到4.45 g VSS/L,膜结构稳定,表现出较活性污泥法更高的活性.在进水TOC、氨氮浓度分别为350 ms/L、50 mg/L,HRT为6 h的情况下,两者的去除率分别达到了97.1%和64.3%,表明载体上的生物膜对污水中TOC及氨氮的去除表现出高效率.挂膜后载体表面上的微生物以丝状菌为主,孔壁上的微生物以球菌和杆菌为主要生物相,证明载体内外表面皆适宜微生物的生长,并且形成合理的生物相分布.     

由粉煤灰合成单一的沸石及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

以粉煤厌为原料采用两步法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构和性能进行了详细表征.2种沸石产物的吸附性能比较结果表明,NaA型沸石优于NaX型沸石.在静态吸附条件下,研究了NaA型沸石吸附水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的相关参数(溶液pH值、吸附温度和吸附时间),并用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附线对吸附结果进行拟和.结果表明:Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为符合Langmuir方程;饱和吸附量为47.78 mg/g.NaA型沸石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附是物理和化学吸附两种行为共同作用的结果.     

The ageing effect on the bioaccessibility and fractionation of arsenic in soils from China

Ingestion of contaminated soil has been recognized as an important exposure pathway of arsenic for humans, especially for children through outdoor hand-to-mouth activities. An improved sequential extraction procedure was employed in an attempt to reveal the relationship between bioaccessibility and fractionation of As in five soils from China. Arsenic bioaccessibility in acidic ( approximately pH 4.5) soils reached approximately stable levels after a sharp decline within one week of ageing. In contrast, As bioaccessibility in higher pH (>6.0) soils was found to be significantly higher and took two weeks of ageing to reach stable levels. The artificially added As was more labile than indigenous As. The main proportions of added As were found in the specifically sorbed and amorphous and poorly-crystalline hydrous Fe/Al oxide-bound fractions. Correlation analysis shows that the non-specifically and specifically sorbed As are likely to constitute the main proportion of bioaccessible soil As. The soil content of amorphous and crystalline Fe/Al oxides and soil pH appear to be the key factors controlling, not only the time needed to reach a steady state, but also the magnitude of the bioaccessibility of As added to the soils.     

山梨酸废水在ABR中的基质降解行为

稳态条件下,采用厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor,ABR)处理山梨酸废水并进行基质降解动力学研究.实验表明,在污泥负荷为0.54～1.63 kg COD/(kg VSS·d)的范围内,COD去除率随着负荷的增加从85%降到55%.各隔室出水COD沿程递减,前3个隔室承担了去除COD的重要作用,但随着污泥负荷的增加,后部承担的COD去除率比例增大.基于各串联隔室完全混合的假定,推导ABR中山梨酸废水的基质降解动力学方程,并通过实验确定相关动力学参数及相应的动力学方程.实测值与预测值基本吻合.     

错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用焦化厂污泥为菌源驯化甲苯降解菌，接种错流式生物滴滤床，净化含甲苯废气。研究了生物滴滤床的挂膜启动和长期运行情况，填料和营养液对滴滤床去除能力的影响，并对长期运行的压降进行了观察分析。反应器挂膜启动需要6 d时间，稳定运行的平均去除效率为95％，单位体积最大去除负荷为251 g/(m³·h)。结果表明，采用错流式生物滴滤床可以有效去除甲苯废气；以比表面积大的生物陶粒作为填料以及定期适量更换营养液，均有助于提高生物滴滤床的去除能力；错流式生物滴滤床具有压降小、气液分布均匀的特点。     

锌精炼铅塔燃烧系统烟气温度模糊控制研究

针对锌精馏铅塔动态过程中的非线性、非最小相位特征、不稳定性、时滞和负荷干扰,基于模糊控制策略下给出了锌精馏铅塔燃烧系统新的控制方法.运用模糊控制系统对锌精馏铅塔的烟气温度进行仿真研究和实时控制结果表明,该研究所设计的模糊控制器能够克服许多干扰因素,产生了良好的控制效果.     

Fenton法氧化处理水中土霉素的研究

为了评价Fenton法预处理抗生素生产废水中残留的高浓度土霉素的可行性,对Fenton试剂(Fe2 -H2O2)法催化氧化降解水溶液中的土霉素进行了研究.探讨了H2O2与Fe2 投加比例、投加量以及起始pH值对降解效果的影响,同时考察了土霉素废水中大量共存的草酸根离子对氧化过程的影响.结果表明,当H2O2与Fe2 按照5:1的比例投加时降解效率最高,最佳初始pH值在3.0-4.0之间.在最佳投加比例下,H2O2投加量为0.9 mmol/L,100 mg/L的土霉素可在10 min内得到完全降解.最佳反应条件下经过处理后土霉素水溶液TOC的去除率达40%左右,可生化性(BOD5/COD)也得到明显的改善.水中共存的草酸根离子对氧化效率具有明显的影响,但通过增加亚铁离子的量可以消除草酸的影响.     

Processes involved in uptake and release of nitrogen dioxide from soil and building stones into the atmosphere

Atmospheric NO₂ was taken up by samples of various soils and building stones. The NO₂ uptake rate constants were highest in soil samples taken during the summer months. However, the NO₂ uptake rate constants of the soils and building stones were not significantly correlated with any of the following variables: moisture, pH, ammonium, nitrite, or nitrate. NO₂ uptake by soil and stone was not abolished by autoclaving indicating a chemical uptake process. NO₂ uptake by acidic and air-dry soils and stones resulted in nearly stoichiometric reduction of NO₂ to NO. This reduction was enhanced by the addition of ferrous iron and was further enhanced by incubation under 1 ppmv SO₂. The results suggest that NO₂ reduction may be coupled to oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron which may be reduced again by atmospheric SO₂ thus regenerating the ferrous iron content of the soil or stone. Conversion of NO₂ to NO was not observed in neutral or/and moist soils and stones. NO₂ was also taken up by purified and sterilized quartz sand moistend with water. This uptake was enhanced by addition of humic material but not by addition of bacteria which both had been extracted from genuine soil. Under most conditions, only uptake but no release of NO₂ was observed. However, NO₂ was released in air-dry soils that were heated to 45–65°C, or in ammonium-fertilized soil or stone that was drying up at room temperature. Under the latter conditions mimicking field practice, the NO₂ release reached rates that were similar to the NO release rates.     

有毒气体危害区域划分之临界浓度标准研究

通过研究毒物伤害准则进而界定有毒气体危害浓度,对有毒气体泄漏扩散后的危害区域进行分级划分,以采取相应的防护措施,最大限度的即时有效的减轻有毒气体对人员的伤害.最后,以氯为例,对比其在不同伤害准则下危害区域划分临界浓度标准值,数值差别较大,因此在使用时应根据实际情况加以判断,选择最适当的标准来划分危害区域.     

Fe0/厌氧微生物联合体系处理2,4,6-三氯酚影响因素的研究

利用Fe⁰/厌氧微生物联合体系对2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)进行降解研究。结果表明，Fe0/厌氧微生物联合体系可以有效降解2,4,6-TCP，Fe⁰与厌氧微生物之间存在明显的协同效应。Fe⁰/厌氧微生物联合体系处理2,4,6-TCP的最优条件为：微生物接种量0.434 g VSS/L，Fe⁰投加量15 g/L，体系初始pH值7.0～8.0。