太子河流域莠去津的空间分布及风险评价

应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer,GC-MS),分析了莠去津(atrazine,AT)在太子河流域地表水、悬浮物和地下水中的含量水平,以及AT在该流域水体环境中的分布特征与环境行为,并对地表水中的AT污染程度进行了初步评价.结果表明,太子河流域地表水中ρ(AT)为0~734.0 ng·L-1,悬浮物中ω(AT)为0~1 496.6 ng·g-1,地下水中ρ(AT)为30.0~245.0 ng·L-1,其算术平均值分别为335.3 ng·L-1、382.9 ng·L-1和104.4 ng·L-1.AT在太子河流域地表水中水相-悬浮物相的有机碳标准分配系数(lg koc)介于3.50~4.14,表明悬浮物的吸附是水体中AT迁移的一个重要途径.AT在太子河流域地表水体中(水相和悬浮物相)的通量介于1.5~184.7 mg·s-1之间,最高值出现在中游地区.风险评价结果显示,地表水中AT的生态风险很小,95%以上的物种能够得以保护,但太子河流域地表水中AT的残留水平可能具有一定的潜在危害.     

基于感应热固定床的CWPO降解偶氮染料实验研究

感应热固定床(IHFB)作为新型热传递方式下非均相反应器,利用感应加热铁磁材料将热量传递至液相,形成固液界面高温微反应区,促进有机废水降解.实验以海绵铁为感应内核,采用浸渍焙烧法制备了C包覆表层负载NiO的感应热催化剂(mNiO/C),在传统催化湿式过氧化氢法(CWPO)中引入感应热代替传统加热,建立新的基于感应热固定床的CWPO工艺(iCWPO),使其在常温常压下实现对有机底物的高效降解.以直接紫D-BL模拟废水为目标污染物,考察了进水条件对iCWPO降解染料的影响,对感应热微观作用进行了分析,并用UV-Vis对降解产物进行了检测.结果表明,依赖于微界面高温的iCWPO降解效率明显高于常规加热的CWPO,彻底破坏了可见光区染料的显色基团NN键,对紫外光区苯环也具有一定的降解作用.     

O3浓度升高对南方城市绿化树种氮素的影响

近地层臭氧(O3)浓度升高会降低树木的光合速率,抑制Rubisco酶的活性,势必会间接影响树木N素的吸收与分配.本研究利用开顶式气室研究过滤大气(CF,<20 nL·L-1)与O3浓度升高(E-O3,约150 nL·L-1)对10种南方城市常用绿化树种幼苗N素吸收和分配的影响.结果表明,与CF相比,E-O3使枫香叶生物量和马褂木茎生物量分别显著降低了20.9%和21.4%,使枫香和马褂木的根生物量显著降低了24.2%和32.5%.O3对被测树种茎中N素含量影响显著,而对叶和根中N素含量无显著影响.O3对被测树种整株树N素吸收总量(Ntu)、叶片N素吸收量及根的N素吸收量存在显著影响,而对茎N素吸收量无显著影响.与CF相比,E-O3使马褂木与木荷的Ntu分别显著降低了28.4%与22.7%,而使舟山新木姜子Ntu显著增加了15.5%.O3浓度升高对各树种N素吸收量在各器官中的分配无显著影响.     

表面活性剂Burkholderia xenovorans LB400体系对低氯代PCBs的好氧强化降解

增强多氯联苯(PCBs)的水溶性是强化PCBs微生物降解的主要控制因素之一,本研究选取了PCB5(2,3-CB)和PCB31(2,4’,5-CB)作为低氯代PCBs的典型代表,以曲拉通100(TX-100)、吐温80(Tween 80)、鼠李糖脂粗提物(RL crude)3种表面活性剂和β-环糊精(HPCD)联合Burkholderia xenovorans LB400构建PCBs好氧降解体系,测试了它们对PCB5和PCB31的溶出率及微生物生长的影响.结果表明,TX-100(CMC=194 mg·L-1)、Tween 80(CMC=13.1 mg·L-1)、RL crude(CMC=50mg·L-1)浓度在1~7 CMC时和HPCD浓度在500~1500 mg·L-1时对PCB5和PCB31溶出率分别达到54.7%~100%、59.8%~100%;10.5%~40.8%、6.8%~31.6%;10.3%~19.9%、3.3%~11.6%和19.5%~34.2%、4.2%~10.7%.TX-100浓度在1~7 CMC时对B.xenovorans LB400生长的抑制率达到30.3%~45.8%,而Tween 80浓度在0.1~1 CMC时对其生长的抑制率为10.0%~15.4%;RL crude本身能作为底物促进LB400的生长,而HPCD对其生长无明显影响.B.xenovorans LB400对PCB31(5 mg·L-1)的降解效率在添加表面活性剂后有不同程度的提高:TX-100,23.7%~65.5%;Tween80,14.6%~44.3%;RL crude,9.6%~27.2%;HPCD,15.3%~20.7%;而表面活性剂对PCB5(10 mg·L-1)的降解效率则无明显影响.表面活性剂主要通过增大溶液中PCBs-表面活性剂的胶束浓度来提高LB400对PCBs的降解效率,在水溶液培养体系中当设置TX-100和Tween 80浓度分别在1和7 CMC时,PCB31的降解效率达到100%和81.7%,而此时B.xenovorans LB400生长的抑制率为30.3%和5.4%.     

基于熵权物元模型的城市化地区河流健康评价分析——以湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流为例

城市化下河流健康评价问题是当前人们关注的热点问题.本文针对城市化地区河流健康不断恶化的问题,选取了与其密切相关的生态水文过程的5个要素9个指标构建了河流健康评价指标体系,并运用熵权物元模型对湖州市区不同城市化水平下的河流健康状况进行了定量评价和动态分析.通过对1991、2001、2006年太湖流域湖州市区河流健康综合关联度的计算分析,得出了研究区河流健康状况朝着病态方向发展的趋势.同时发现河网发育系数变化率、绿地覆盖率和农林业产值增长率等限制因子对河流健康的影响不容忽视.而通过与多指标综合评价方法进行比较,表明熵权物元模型能有效克服权重判定的主观性以及河流健康概念的模糊性和各评价指标之间的不相容性问题,可为平原河网地区的河流健康提供一种新的评价方法.     

Unexpected phenotypes of malformations induced in Xenopus tropicalis embryos by combined exposure to triphenyltin and 9-cis-retinoic acid

Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 hr to the mixtures of 5 g Sn/L triphenyltin(TPT), which is a well-known endocrine disruptor, and 0.25–5 g/L 9-cis retinoic acid(9c-RA), which is the natural ligand of retinoid X receptor. The phenotypes induced by combined exposure were more variable than those resulting from single exposure to either TPT or 9c-RA. The prominent phenotypes included underdeveloped head structures, abnormal eyes, narrow fins, enlarged proctodaeum, etc. Especially, combined exposure induced unexpected notochord malformations, which ranged from small swellings of the surface of the tails to the extension and extrusion of notochord out of the posterior tails. Compared with the 5 g Sn/L TPT-treated group, the index of fin deficiency was not affected, and the index of axis deficiency was significantly increased with increasing RA concentrations in the mixtures. Our results suggest that combined exposure to TPT and 9c-RA induced not only more variable phenotypes of malformations than exposure to single compound but also some new and unexpected phenotypes.     

Characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosol and sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles in Shanghai

Sulfate, nitrate and ammonium(SNA) are the dominant species in secondary inorganic aerosol, and are considered an important factor in regional haze formation. Size-fractionated aerosol particles for a whole year were collected to study the size distribution of SNA as well as their chemical species in Shanghai. SNA mainly accumulated in fine particles and the highest average ratio of SNA to particulate matter(PM) was observed to be 47% in the fine size fraction(0.49–0.95 μm). Higher sulfur oxidation ratio and nitrogen oxidation ratio values were observed in PM of fine size less than 0.95 μm. Ion balance calculations indicated that more secondary sulfate and nitrate would be generated in PM of fine size(0.49–0.95 μm). Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure(XANES) spectra of typical samples were analyzed. Results revealed that sulfur mainly existed as sulfate with a proportion(atomic basis) more than 73% in all size of PM and even higher at 90% in fine particles. Sulfate mainly existed as(NH4)2SO4 and gypsum in PM of Shanghai. Compared to non-haze days, a dramatic increase of(NH4)2SO4 content was found in fine particles on haze days only, which suggested the promoting impact of(NH4)2SO4 on haze formation. According to the result of air mass backward trajectory analysis, more(NH4)2SO4 would be generated during the periods of air mass stagnation. Based on XANES, analysis of sulfate species in size-fractionated aerosol particles can be an effective way to evaluate the impact of sulfate aerosols on regional haze formation.     

Soil organic carbon decomposition and carbon pools in temperate and sub-tropical forests in China

Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical component of the global carbon cycle, and accurate estimates of SOC decomposition are important for forest carbon modeling and ultimately for decision making relative to carbon sequestration and mitigation of global climate change. We determined the major pools of SOC in four sites representing major forest types in China: temperate forests at Changbai Mountain (CBM) and Qilian Mountain (QLM), and sub-tropical forests at Yujiang (YJ) and Liping (LP) counties. A 90-day laboratory incubation was conducted to measure CO(2) evolution from forest soils from each site, and data from the incubation study were fitted to a three-pool first-order model that separated mineralizable soil organic carbon into active (C(a)), slow (C(s)) and resistant (C(r)) carbon pools. Results indicate that: (1) the rate of SOC decomposition in the sub-tropical zone was faster than that in the temperature zone, (2) The C(a) pool comprised approximately 1-3% of SOC with an average mean residence time (MRT) of 219 days. The C(s) pool comprised approximately 25-65% with an average MRT of 78 yr. The C(r) pool accounted for approximately 35-80% of SOC, (3) The YJ site in the sub-tropical zone had the greatest C(a) pool and the lowest MRT, while the QLM in the temperature zone had the greatest MRT for both the C(a) and C(s) pools. The results suggest a higher capacity for long-term C sequestration as SOC in temperature forests than in sub-tropical forests.     

浅谈如何加强企业安全管理工作

“安全生产,责任重于泰山”,这是时常挂在人们嘴上的一个话题。但是,仍然有很多无辜的生命被火灾、爆炸、中毒等接连不断的工业事故所吞噬。因此,加强企业的安全管理工作刻不容缓。     

油田企业安全文化建设亟需解决的几个问题及对策

油田企业生产工作具有点多、线长、面广、庞杂、易燃易爆、有毒有害、高温高压、连续作业等特点,安全生产管理难度相当大,若稍有不慎,就会酿成大的事故.因此,避免或减少重大事故的发生是油田企业安全文化建设的重要目标.20世纪90年代,随着HSE管理体系引入中国,国内油田企业相继建立了HSE管理制度,并把HSE安全管理体系作为企业安全文化建设的主要载体.但油田企业安全文化建设仍存在误区,完全文化建设体系亟需进一步完善.