Integrated energy management strategy of powertrain and cooling system for PHEV

ABSTRACT

Energy management strategy (EMS) is crucial in improving the fuel economy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Existing studies on EMS mostly manage powertrain and cooling system separately which cannot get the minimum total energy consumption. This paper aims to propose a novel EMS for a new type of dual-motor planetary-coupled PHEV, which considers cooling power demand and effect of temperature on fuel economy. Temperature-modified engine model, lithium-ion battery model, two motors, and cooling system models are established. Firstly, the separated EMS (S-EMS) is designed which manages powertrain and cooling system separately. Sequentially, after the analysis of thermal characteristics of the powertrain and cooling system, the thermal-based EMS (T-EMS) is then proposed to manage two systems coordinately. In T-EMS, cooling power demand and the charging/discharging energy of motors are calculated as equivalent fuel consumption and integrated into the object function. Besides, a fuzzy controller is also established to deicide the fuel-electricity equivalent factor with consideration of the effect of temperature and state of charge on powertrain efficiency. Finally, the hardware-in-loop experiment is carried out to validate the real-time effect of EMS under the New European Driving Cycle. The result shows that cooling power demand and temperature can significantly affect the fuel economy of the vehicle. T-EMS shows better performance in fuel economy than S-EMS. The equivalent fuel consumption of the cooling system of T-EMS decreases by 27% compared with that of S-EMS. The total equivalent fuel consumption over the entire trip of PHEV using T-EMS is reduced by 9.7%.     

Energy consumption estimation model for dual-motor electric vehicles based on multiple linear regression

ABSTRACT

The drive range of electric vehicle (EV) is one of the major limitations that impedes its universalism. A great deal of research has been devoted to drive range improvement of EV, an accurate and efficiency energy consumption estimation plays a crucial role in these researches. However, the majority of EV’s energy consumption estimation models are based on single motor EV, these models are not suitable for dual-motor EVs, which are composed of more complex transmission mechanisms and multiple operating modes. Thus, an energy consumption estimation model for dual-motor EV is proposed to estimate battery power. This article focuses on studying the operating modes and system efficiency in each operating mode. The limitation of working area of each mode ensures the vehicle dynamic performance, then PSO algorithm is adopted to optimize the torque (speed) distribution between two motors to improve the system efficiency in the coupled driving mode. Finally, the energy consumption estimation model is established by multiple linear regression (MLR). The result shows that the proposed model has a high precision in energy consumption estimation of dual-motor EV.     

Anheuser-busch's a pledge and a promise: Total employee involvement

Anheuser-Busch is a large, diversified corporation, both in its products and in its environmental efforts. It is well-known that Anheuser-Busch is the world'S largest brewer, with twelve operating breweries and a thirteenth under construction. It also operates the largest aluminum can recycling network in the world, Anheuser-Busch Recycling (A-BR). A-BR recycled more than 600 million pounds of aluminum in 1991, or more than 17 billion cans. This article describes how Anheuser-Busch has put TQEM ideas into practice involving all of its employees.     

吐鲁番地区粮食生产发展问题初探

吐鲁番盆地的特殊气候条件，为经济作提供了良好的生长环境，而粮食生产受气候条件和经济作物快速增长的双重制约，发展非常困难，本文分析了吐鲁番地区粮食生产增长态热及制约因素，并应用多种模型对未来粮食变化趋势作了定量和定性的，在此基础上提出了相应的对策。     

Reliability and validity of aggressive driving measures in China

The present research was designed to examine the psychometric properties of Chinese versions of the Self Report Driver Behavior Aggression and Assertiveness subscales, the Driving Vengeance Questionnaire, and the Violent Driving Questionnaire. Study 1 found that the all scales demonstrated good internal consistency, with alphas ranging from .76 to .87 and that assertive driving was related to demerit points received over the past 12 months while driver aggression and violence were linked to collisions over the past 12 months. Study 2 found that the scales exhibited reasonable test-retest reliability, with correlations ranging from .82 to .89. Finally, Study 3 showed that each scale was predicted by other dangerous driving attitudes and behaviors, similar to the original versions. The consistency between the translated and original scales, the implications for use in a Chinese sample, and the uniformity of actions in the traffic environment across cultures are discussed.     

Tree Leaf Biomarkers for Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on tree N cycling and identify potential biomarkers forNdeposition. Between April and October 2002 extensive fieldwork was undertaken at Mardley Heath in Hertfordshire. This woodland, located adjacent to the A1(M) motorway, is exposed to high levels of atmospheric nitrogen oxides from the traffic. Measurements of ¹⁵N, in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity, tissue, xylem and surface nitrate concentrations as well as N concentration and growth were made along a 700-m transect at 90° to the motorway. The ¹⁵N data show that oxidised N from the road traffic is taken up by nearby trees and is incorporated into plant tissues. Our measurements of NR activities suggest elevated rates close to the motorway. However, xylem sap, leaf tissue and leaf surface nitrate concentrations showed no differences between the roadside location and the most distant sampling point from the motorway. Taken together the ¹⁵N and nitrate reductase data suggest uptake and assimilation of N through the foliage.We conclude that for this lowland deciduouswoodland, tissue, xylem and surface measurements of nitrate are unreliable biomarkers for N deposition whereas ¹⁵N, growth measurements and integrated seasonal NR might be useful. The results also point to the benefit of roadside tree planting to screen pollution from motor vehicles.     

239+240Pu, 90Sr and 137Cs inventories in surface soils of Vietnam

Fallout 239+240Pu, 238Pu, 90Sr and 137Cs inventories in surface soils were measured for 20 locations in northern Vietnam yielding the mean values (+/- standard error) of 26.5+/-3.8 Bq m(-2) for 239+240Pu, 1048+/-143 Bq m(-2) for 137Cs and 212+/-28 Bq m(-2) for 90Sr. The concentrations of 137Cs and plutonium isotopes strongly correlate with each other resulting in a stable 239+240Pu/137Cs inventory ratio of 0.025+/-0.002. Among soil parameters, organic matter and fulvic acids strongly correlate with caesium and plutonium isotopes, especially in the 0-10 cm layer. 137Cs and 239+240Pu are distributed rather similarly over the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers. At locations with high contents of sand (82-93%) along the South China Sea coast, the downward percolation by rainwater results in a higher accumulation of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in the 10-20 cm layer. The mean 137Cs/ 90Sr inventory ratio is 9.3+/-2.2, and the correlation is weak between these isotopes.     

Using air pollution based community clusters to explore air pollution health effects in children

To study respiratory health effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutant mixture, we observed 7058 school children 5-16 years of age living in the four Chinese cities of Lanzhou, Chongqing, Wuhan, and Guangzhou. These children were enrolled from elementary schools located in eight districts, one urban district and one suburban district in each of the above cities. Ambient levels of PM(2.5), PM(10-2.5), total suspended particles (TSP), SO(2), and NO(x) were measured in these districts from 1993 to 1996. Based on a cluster analysis of arithmetic mean concentrations of PM(2.5), PM(10-2.5), (TSP-PM(10)), SO(2), and NO(x), we classified these children into four ordinal categories of exposure to ambient air pollutant mixtures. We tested for exposure-response relationships using logistic regression models, controlling for relevant covariates. We observed monotonic, positive relationships of exposure to the pollutant mixture with prevalence rates of cough with phlegm and wheeze. Other outcomes were not associated with the exposure in a monotonic exposure-response pattern. Even so, odds ratios for cough, phlegm, bronchitis, and asthma in the higher exposure district clusters were all higher than in the lowest exposure district cluster. We found evidence that exposure to the pollutant mixtures had adverse effects on children living in the four Chinese cities.     

Development and performance of the vehicle-mounted radiation monitoring equipment used in the Maralinga rehabilitation project

The rehabilitation of the former nuclear test site at Maralinga involved (among other processes) the removal of contaminated soil from an area of approximately 2.5 km2. The two most stringent rehabilitation criteria required measurements to ensure that no radioactive particle exceeding 100 kBq of 241Am activity, and no area of 1 ha exceeding 3 kBq/m2 of 241Am activity, remained in the rehabilitated area. The project timetable required that the area be scanned at the rate of approximately 3 ha/day. Two vehicle-mounted detection systems were developed and constructed to obtain the necessary measurements in the available timeframe. The scientific basis for the designs are presented, together with details of the selected equipment and technical solutions found. The performance of this equipment in the field is discussed in terms of both its scientific and technical operation. Based on the experience gained at Maralinga, improved versions of this equipment were produced under contract for the People's Republic of China.     

Towards zero discharge of chromium-containing leather waste through improved alkali hydrolysis

The treatment of chromium-containing leather waste (CCLW), the major solid waste generated at the post-tanning operations of leather processing, has the potential to generate value-added leather chemicals. Various alkali and enzymatic hydrolysis were compared, and calcium oxide was found to be important for effective (but still incomplete) hydrolysis. Three possible reasons are given for the incomplete hydrolysis under alkaline conditions. Data for 19 amino acids are presented for four different treatment products. On the basis of the results, a novel three-step CCLW treatment process is proposed. The gelatin extracted in the first step is chemically modified to produce leather finishing agents. The collagen hydrolysates isolated in the second step are used as proteinic retanning agents by chemical modification. The remaining chrome cake is further hydrolyzed with acids in the third step, and the obtained chromium-containing protein hydrolysates could be used for the preparation of chromium-containing retanning agents for leather industry. The proposed three-step process provides a feasible zero discharge process for the treatment of CCLW.