骨炭对铅的吸附性能研究

文章旨在研究骨炭对铅的吸附性能,为利用骨炭修复铅污染的土壤做出有意义的探索。研究了骨炭对铅的吸附等温线、吸附动力学以及砷、镉和其它因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:骨炭能在短时间内吸附大量的铅离子,实验用浙江骨炭和英国骨炭对铅的饱和吸附量分别为222.2mg/g和227.3mg/g,均高于有报道的其他类型炭;骨炭对铅的等温吸附符合兰格缪尔方程;在pH2.5～6之间,英国骨炭对铅的吸附量随pH的升高略有下降,浙江骨炭对铅的吸附量随pH的升高变化不大;当支持电解质KNO3的浓度在0.005～0.1mg/L范围内逐渐增大时,英国骨炭对铅的吸附量略有减小,而浙江骨炭的吸附量变化不大;100mg/L的砷和200mg/L的镉对骨炭吸附铅离子没有显著影响;骨炭对水溶液中铅离子的吸附过程是一个复杂的非均相固液反应。     

自然保护区庭院生态农业发展模式与效益分析——以湖北七姊妹山张记华户庭院经济为个案

本研究根据七姊妹山自然保护区资源环境现状,采用田野调查法,以七姊妹山自然保护区张记华户为研究对象,从微观尺度分析其庭院生态农业发展模式,评估其经济效益,探讨自然保护区原住户庭院经济可持续发展途径。以促进自然保护区与社区农户的的协调发展,实行经济、社会和生态三效益统一。并为自然保护区的管理与建设提供案例参考。     

城区飞散致敏花粉与大气细/超细颗粒物的协同生物效应研究

城市大气颗粒物污染和致敏花粉的污染已经对人群健康和城市空气质量产生了较为严重的影响.这2种污染物的协同生物效应正在成为大气环境科学、环境毒理学、免疫学等学科研究的前沿和热点研究领域.以上海大气中的细/超细颗粒物和日本关东地区致敏花粉(柳杉)为例,阐述了大气细/超细颗粒物的表征以及花粉致敏的过程.在研究中,观察到了日本柳杉花粉壁附着有直径0.7μm的含变应原蛋白的微粒(Ubisch body),并用ELISA法揭示了日本关东地区大气颗粒物中含变应原蛋白的颗粒主要分布在1μm的粒径范围内;而在上海大气颗粒物中,化学元素总量的最大值出现在细/超细粒径颗粒物(0.3～0.18μm)范围,污染元素S和Pb的质量浓度在超细(纳米尺度)/细颗粒物中比在其他粒径范围颗粒物中要高,另外还发现在上海大气颗粒物中有植物花粉的存在.城市大气颗粒物中的主要组分,柴油机车尾气颗粒物(DEPs)与飞散花粉之间存在协同生物效应,但其机制和过程还不清楚,在最新研究成果的基础上并结合国内外相关研究领域的进展,对飞散花粉与大气细/超细颗粒物的协同生物效应的研究进行了总结并提出今后研究的方向.     

控制低溶解氧实现亚硝化的稳定性

以A/O除磷工艺的二级出水为进水,通过低溶解氧控制,实现了亚硝酸盐的稳定积累.为研究系统的稳定性,从3个方面分别研究了总氮损失、水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比(R)对稳定亚硝化的影响.结果表明,系统的表观亚硝化率受COD浓度影响,COD≤50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率降低,COD50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率会增加;延长和缩短HRT都对稳定亚硝化存在正反两方面影响,应根据实际情况进行动态控制;提高回流比会增加破坏稳定亚硝化的风险,以较低回流比0.5为宜.另外,低溶解氧浓度不会降低系统的亚硝化效率,在HRT=6h,R=0.5,t为22～24℃条件下,平均氨氮去除率达83%,氨氮去除负荷为0.28kg/(kg·d),亚硝酸盐积累率接近100%.     

河南烟区近35年来相对湿度变化特征分析

利用河南省41个气象观测站1971-2005年4-9月份的逐旬相对湿度资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析等统计方法分析了河南烟区旬相对湿度的时空分布特征和变化规律,并分析了相对湿度与其他气象因子之间的关系.结果表明:4-9月份,河南烟区旬平均相对湿度、旬最大相对湿度、旬最小相对湿度变化均显著...     

煤泥水沉降实验研究

针对某选煤厂煤泥水难以自然沉降的问题,从煤泥水本身的矿物组成出发,探讨了絮凝的机理,通过理论分析和实验研究,选用了3种凝聚剂和3种絮凝剂对煤泥水进行絮凝沉降实验,研究出最佳的凝聚剂和絮凝剂以及最佳药剂配比,加速了煤泥水的沉降,实现了洗水闭路循环。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice-wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments:ambient conditions(CKs), CO_2 concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol(FACE),temperature elevated by ca. 2°C(T) and combined elevation of CO_2 concentration and temperature(FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season(p 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m~2·hr) in the FACE,FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO_2 concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem(p 0.05).     

沼液施用对麦稻茬口期土壤微生物群落结构特征及功能的影响

为揭示麦稻茬口期沼液施用对土壤微生物群落及功能的影响,通过土柱试验,设置麦秆还田后3种处理［无氮肥（CM）、常规施肥（SN）和添加沼液（SZ）］,采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析了土壤淹水后1 d和21 d土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并对其功能进行预测.微生物多样性分析表明,1 d时各处理的真菌α多样性指数均显著高于21 d处理且各处理间无显著差异;21 d时各处理细菌Simpson指数开始出现差异,SZ-21处理的细菌Simpson指数高于SN-21处理,而细菌Chao1指数显著低于SN-21处理;细菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SN处理的厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门与其它处理差异较大,而21d时,SZ和SN处理的各细菌菌门相对丰度相似;真菌群落结构分析表明,1 d时,SZ处理中的子囊菌门和接合菌门相对丰度高于SN和CM处理;21 d时,SN和SZ处理的子囊菌门相对丰度均低于CM处理,而接合菌门的相对丰度均高于CM处理.NMDS分析表明,21 d时,SN和SZ处理的细菌和真菌群落组成均有逐渐相似的趋势.PICRUSt功能分析表明,不同时期和不同处理的土壤细菌群落在功能层上表现相似,FUNGuild功能预测反映SZ-21和SN-21处理的真菌功能主要差异体现在腐生营养型和病理营养型上.综上说明茬口期施沼液在一定程度上可以替代化肥平衡土壤养分和维持土壤生态功能,但仍可能存在真菌致病风险.     

Preparation of reverse osmosis membrane with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties for desalination

• Nanoparticle incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting were integrated. • Flux of modified membranes was enhanced without rejection sacrificing. • Anti-biofouling property of modified membranes was improved. High performance is essential for the polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes during the desalination process. Herein, RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties were fabricated by nanoparticles incorporation and anti-biofouling grafting. Hydrotalcite (HT) incorporation was performed with a dual role, enhancing water flux and acting as grafting sites. The HT incorporation increased the water flux without sacrificing the salt rejection, compensating for the loss caused by the following grafting reaction. The exposed surface of HT acted as grafting sites for anti-biofouling agent dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride (DMOTPAC). The combination of HT incorporation and DMOTPAC grafting endowed RO membranes with high permselectivity and anti-biofouling properties. The water flux of the modified membrane PA-HT-0.06 was 49.8 L/m²·h, which was 16.4% higher than that of the pristine membrane. The salt rejection of PA-HT-0.06 was 99.1%, which was comparable to that of the pristine membrane. As to the fouling of negatively charged lysozyme, the modified membrane’s water flux recovery was superior to that of the pristine membrane (e.g. 86.8% of PA-HT-0.06 compared to 78.2% of PA-pristine). The sterilization rates of PA-HT-0.06 for E. coli and B. subtilis were 97.3% and 98.7%, much higher than those of the pristine membrane (24.0% for E. coli and 26.7% for B. subtilis).     

Association of hearing loss with total and cause-specific mortality in US adults

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - We expected to explore the associations of hearing loss and hearing thresholds at different frequencies with total and cause-specific mortality. In...