黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

研究了黄河入河沙漠颗粒物在天然水(河水和海水)中对磷酸盐的吸附行为,用改进的Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型对实验数据进行了拟合.结果表明,①改进的Langmuir等温吸附模型更适用于描述黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附特征,其物理意义更明确,得到的拟合参数更合理;②颗粒物对磷的最大吸附容量Qmax变化范围为41.322～357.143mg.kg-1,其中居延海颗粒物Y2的Qmax最大.Qmax与颗粒物(Y1～Y5)的有机质有着极显著的正相关关系;③除巴丹吉林沙漠颗粒物Y1外,颗粒物的临界磷平衡浓度EPC0值均大于其相应水体的磷浓度.Y1在黄河水中吸附磷的EPC0小于相应水体的磷浓度0.0100.053 mg.L-1,而在渤海海水中却大于相应水体的磷浓度0.1090.074 mg.L-1,表明Y1吸附了黄河水中的磷,进入渤海后Y1原有吸附可交换态磷NAP转移到海水中.其它颗粒物与相应水体进行磷交换的过程中存在着解吸磷的现象,具有向相应水体释放磷的能力;④黄河入河沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附等温线是过溶液浓度轴0.00的交叉型等温线,这种新型交叉型吸附-解吸模型较好地解释了其吸附特征和天然粒子的双重性作用.     

一株微生物絮凝剂产生菌的培养基优化研究

利用单因子实验和部分因子实验对实验室保藏的产絮凝剂菌种C3的培养基进行优化,以提高C3菌所产生的微生物絮凝剂MBFC3的絮凝效果.实验结果表明,C3菌产MBFC3的最适培养基为: 蔗糖1.0 g,(NH4)2SO4 0.24 g,FeSO4 0.10 g,KH2PO4 0.40 g,MgSO4 0.01 g,NaCl 0.02 g,蒸馏水100 mL,pH值自然.在此培养条件下,C3菌所产生的微生物絮凝剂MBFC3对高岭土悬浮液的絮凝率可达到99.1%.实验中还发现,培养基中(NH4)2SO4和NaCl的用量是影响MBFC3絮凝效果的显著因素.     

浅谈预防中国西北地区土地荒漠化的法律对策

2006年世界环境日聚焦"沙漠和荒漠化",关注人为因素导致的土地退化,为全人类敲响"沙漠和荒漠化"警钟!本文从土地荒漠化这一概念入手,分析了中国西北地区土地荒漠化的现状及成因;以各个部门法为切入点,阐述了目前中国预防西北地区土地荒漠化的法律对策.     

Effects of irrigation,fertilization and crop straw management on nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China

One-year winter wheat–summer maize rotation is the most popular double cropping system in north-central China, and this highly productive system is an important source of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions due to the high fertilizer N and irrigation water inputs. To sustain the high crop production and mitigate the detrimental impacts of N₂O and NO emissions, improved management practices are extensively applied. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the effects of an improved management practice of irrigation, fertilization and crop straw on grain yield and N₂O and NO emissions for a wheat–maize rotation field in northern China. Using automated and manual chamber measuring systems, we monitored N₂O and NO fluxes for the conventional (CT, 2007–2008), improved (IT, 2007–2008), straw-amended (WS, 2008–2009), straw-not-amended (NS, 2008–2009), and no N-fertilizer treatments (WS–NN, 2008–2009), respectively, for one rotation-year. The grain yields were determined for CT and IT for three rotation-years (2005–2008) and for WS, NS and WS–NN for one rotation-year (2008–2009). The improved management of irrigation and fertilization reduced the annual N fertilization rate and irrigation amount by 17% and 30%, respectively; increased the maize yield by 7–14%; and significantly decreased the N₂O and NO emissions by 7% (p < 0.05) and 29% (p < 0.01), respectively. The incorporation of wheat straw increased the cumulative N₂O and NO emissions in the following maize season by 58% (p < 0.01) and 13%, respectively, whereas the effects of maize straw application were not remarkable. The N₂O and NO emission factors of applied N were 2.32 ± 2.32% and 0.42 ± 1.69% for wheat straw and 0.67 ± 0.23% and 0.54 ± 0.15% for chemical N-fertilizers, respectively. Compared to conventional management practices using high application rates of irrigation water and chemical N-fertilizer as well as the field burning of crop straw, the improved management strategy presented here has obvious environmentally positive effects on grain yield and mitigation of N₂O and NO emissions.     

一株嗜盐聚磷菌的筛选及除磷性能初探

从运行稳定的以生活污水为碳源的污泥中富集分离,并筛选出一株嗜盐聚磷菌qdp05,通过对菌株的形态、生理生化特征及16SrDNA序列进行分析后,鉴定该菌株qdp05为肠杆菌属.当碳源为乙酸钠,盐度为2%的条件下,好氧条件下培养48h后,qdp05对磷的最终去除率为87.8%.在厌氧好氧连续培养过程,qdp05表现出明显的...     

提高生产过程安全联锁系统可靠性的实用技术

以聚醚车间雾化器的安全联锁和工业蒸汽锅炉汽包的安全联锁两个实例,介绍了在安全性要求比较高的中、小型生产装置中,以较少的投资提高安全联锁系统可靠性的实用方法.这种基于冗余技术思想的实用安全技术,适用于石油化工生产过程及其它一些生产领域.     

五种重点关注的重金属废渣的处理方法与利用现状

近年来,随着我国经济的迅速发展,重金属废渣的总量逐步扩大,引发了很多社会、经济、环境问题,成为了企业和环保领域关注的热点问题,国家近期提出了五种需重点关注的重金属废渣。本文在对国内外资料的总结和回顾的基础上,着重论述了这五种重金属废渣的来源、产量,对于现在常用的各种处理方式进行对比分析,指出其优缺点;总结了一般重金属废渣的处理模式,提出了自己的看法;展望了重金属废渣处理技术的发展方向。     

Modification of Ce02-ZrO2 catalyst by potassium for NOx-assisted soot oxidation

Potassium-modified ceria-zirconia catalyst was synthesized by wetness impregnation method. The ageing treatment was performed in static air at 800℃ for 20 hr to evaluate the thermal stability of the catalyst. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction,BET surface area, oxygen storage capacity, NOx-temperature programmed desorption and soot-temperature programmed oxidation measurements. By introduction of potassium, the maximum soot oxidation rate temperature (Tm) of the ceria-zirconia based catalyst decreased from 525 to 428℃ in the presence of NO under a loose contact mode. The shift of Tm of the K-modified catalyst after ageing is only 15℃. The enhanced activity of the aged catalyst mainly lies in the promotional effect of potassium on the NOx/oxygen storage cacity as well as the soot-catalyst contact.     

开放源类物料中微粒子排放估算模型的建立

利用实验室微粒子控制模拟试验装置,采用开放源类粉体物料自由下落溢出随机粉尘的实验研究方法,研究了济南市开放源类粉体物料自由下落过程中微粒子排放规律;在一定动力因素条件下,探讨了物料种类、粒度组成,物料含水率,环境空气湿度,自由下落中质量流量等因素对物料排放率的影响;通过数学归纳和模型化处理,建立了开放源类粉体物料自由下落过程中大气微粒子排放估算的数学模型;通过对实验数据进行回归分析后认为,粒径、含水率是对排放率影响最大的因素,质量流量是对排放率影响最小的因素。经试验验证,计算值与试验值基本一致。所获结论,对开放源类物料在转运、装卸、堆放等操作过程中大气微粒子的排放估算和综合防治具有重要的参考价值。     

天津市城区夏季VOCs来源解析

对天津市气象铁塔处连续8天的(2010年8月19 日[-2010年8月26日)VOCs检测数据的分析与研究,采样频次为每日5次,采样时间从7:00至23:00,采样间隔2～3h,定量检测了 103种挥发性有机物.利用美国环保署正交矩阵因子(PMF)模型对天津市中心城区挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行了解析,共解析出5个可能...