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381.
Tognetti Arnaud Ganem Guila Raymond Michel Faurie Charlotte 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2018,72(9):1-10
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - Members of a social group must behave similarly for a group to persist. One way for this behavioural similarity to occur is through the contagious spread of... 相似文献
382.
Cocheo C Sacco P Ballesta PP Donato E Garcia S Gerboles M Gombert D McManus B Patier RF Roth C de Saeger E Wright E 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2008,10(8):941-950
The need to collect data representative of overall urban pollution is all-important in order to monitor the population exposure. High spatial resolution monitoring using diffusive samplers allows studying of the urban pollutant distribution, thus enabling deeper investigation of their generation and diffusion mechanisms. Nevertheless, such a monitoring campaign has a certain cost. In this study we point out how to find the best compromise between the number of necessary measurements and the affordable costs for monitoring campaigns. We also describe an innovative method for the proper design of a fixed urban monitoring network by means of preliminary high spatial resolution campaigns using diffusive samplers. Four European capital cities (Dublin, Madrid, Paris and Rome) were monitored six times, each time for seven days. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX) and NO(2) concentrations were measured at 146 sites in Dublin, 293 in Madrid, 339 in Paris and 290 in Rome. Multiscale grids have been drawn which ranged in mesh size from 500 m to 2 km. The statistical processing of data produced a twofold result: the creation of isoconcentration maps with geostatistical procedures, and an algorithm aimed at locating the minimum number of sampling sites where the fixed monitoring stations should be placed. Average urban levels estimated on the basis of these selected sites differ by less than 8% from those calculated on the whole populations of the sampled points. The aim of this work is to investigate how far the resolution of a monitoring campaign of urban pollution by diffusive sampling can be reduced, thus making the monitoring less expensive in terms of human and financial resources, while preserving the same quality of the results that could be achieved with a higher resolution. We found that there is no significant loss of information when the resolution of the monitoring grid for BTEX is lowered to a mesh size of 1.85 km, that is a sampling site each 3.4 km(2), and that the minimum number of sampling sites to be used is N = 0.29 A, where A is the urban surface to be monitored (in km(2)). As the spatial distribution of NO(2) is less sensitive to the distance from the emission source than that of BTEX, this relationship could be retained as a valid lower limit for the mesh grid size also for NO(2) monitoring. 相似文献
383.
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385.
Mailloux M Martel R Gabriel U Lefebvre R Thiboutot S Ampleman G 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(4):1468-1476
The Arnhem Anti-Tank Range (Canadian Forces Base [CFB] Valcartier, Canada, in operation since the 1970s) has been characterized, including the drilling, installation, and characterization of 25 wells and a ground-penetrating radar survey. The observed particular features of this site include highly variable flow velocities (from < 3 to 1200 m/yr) and transient flow regime in the regional aquifer below the contaminant source zone of the impact area, sharp flow direction shifts, discontinuous stratigraphy and a local perched aquifer. A transient ground water flow model permitted us to understand how the complex hydrogeological setting shapes contaminant transport in the regional aquifer. The model explains the highly variable energetic material (EM) concentrations measured in the plume with peaks associated to spring and to a lesser extent to fall recharge events. As a conclusion from this work, the authors suggest that the characterization of contaminant sources on slopes should extend over all seasons to be sure to detect potential transient flow conditions and variable contaminant concentrations. 相似文献
386.
387.
Yi Zhang Lin Wu Chao Zou Boyu Jing Xiaoyu Li Tim Barlow Turpin Kevin Michel André Yao Liu Peipei Ren Gongdong Wang Hongjun Mao 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2017,22(5):445-458
This paper reports on the development and application of an urban high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory model and decision support system based on the current situation in China and actual vehicle emission control requirements. The system incorporates a user-friendly modular architecture that integrates a vehicle emission model and a decision support platform and includes scenario analysis and visualisation capabilities. A bottom-up approach based on localised emission factors and actual on-road driving condition has been adopted to develop the system. As a case study of application and evaluation, an emission reduction effect analysis of the supposed low-emission zone (LEZ) policy in Beijing (2012) was conducted. According to the simulated results in the forms of tables, histograms and grid maps, the establishment of this LEZ had a definite effect on the emission reduction of various types of air pollutants, especially carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon. In the system, the simulation methodology for identifying environmental benefits brought by the LEZ policy could be used to assess other similar environmental policies. Through flexible modification of configuration values or input data variables, the efficacy of separate or joint policies could be quantifiably evaluated and graphically displayed. 相似文献
388.
Metian M Warnau M Teyssié JL Bustamante P 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2011,102(6):543-550
In order to understand the bioaccumulation of 241Am and 134Cs in scallops living in sediments, the uptake and depuration kinetics of these two elements were investigated in the king scallop Pecten maximus exposed via seawater, food, or sediment under laboratory conditions. Generally, 241Am accumulation was higher and its retention was stronger than 134Cs. This was especially obvious when considering whole animals exposed through seawater with whole-body concentration factors (CF7d) of 62 vs. 1, absorption efficiencies (A0l) of 78 vs. 45 for seawater and biological half-lives (Tb½l) of 892 d vs. 22 d for 241Am and 134Cs, respectively. In contrast, following a single feeding with radiolabelled phytoplankton, the assimilation efficiency (AE) and Tb½l of 134Cs were higher than those of 241Am (AE: 28% vs. 20%; Tb½l: 14 d vs. 9 d). Among scallop tissues, the shells always contained the higher proportion of the total body burden of 241Am whatever the exposure pathway. In contrast, the whole soft parts presented the major fraction of whole-body burden of 134Cs, which was generally associated with muscular tissues. Our results showed that the two radionuclides have contrasting behaviors in scallops, in relation to their physico-chemical properties. 相似文献
389.
Leila?Moura Tarek?Moufawad Michel?Ferreira Hervé?Bricout Sébastien?Tilloy Eric?Monflier Margarida?F.?Costa Gomes David?Landy Sophie?FourmentinEmail authorView authors OrcID profile 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2017,15(4):747-753
Volatile organic compounds are a major source of air pollutants. Absorption is an effective solution to treat polluted air loaded with volatile organic compounds, but most actual absorbents are often toxic and non-biodegradable. Here, we tested eutectic solvent mixtures for the absorption of volatile organic compounds for the first time. The affinity of solvent mixtures for toluene, acetaldehyde and dichloromethane was determined by measuring vapour–liquid partition coefficients and liquid phase absorption capacities. Results show that the vapour–liquid partition coefficients vary, at 30 °C, from close to zero for acetaldehyde in the mixtures choline chloride:urea, choline chloride:glycerol and tetrabutylphosphonium bromide:glycerol to 0.124 for dichloromethane in the choline chloride:urea eutectic mixture. These values are similar or even superior to those published for ionic liquids and organic solvents. Solvents based on choline chloride, a food additive, and urea, can solubilize up to 500 times more volatile organic compounds compare to water. Moreover, deep eutectic solvents are easier to prepare and more biodegradable than ionic liquids, which are also toxic. Deep eutectic solvents are more biodegradable than silicone oils, which are also expensive. Furthermore, in terms of recycling, the absorption capacities of the tested solvents remained unchanged during five absorption–desorption cycles. These findings are patented. 相似文献
390.
Between 1850 and 1970, rivers throughout Sweden were channelized to facilitate timber floating. Floatway structures were installed
to streamline banks and disconnect flow to secondary channels, resulting in simplified channel morphologies and more homogenous
flow regimes. In recent years, local authorities have begun to restore channelized rivers. In this study, we examined the
effects of restoration on riparian plant communities at previously disconnected secondary channels of the Pite River. We detected
no increase in riparian diversity at restored sites relative to unrestored (i.e., disconnected) sites, but we did observe
significant differences in species composition of both vascular plant and bryophyte communities. Disconnected sites featured
greater zonation, with mesic-hydric floodplain species represented in plots closest to the stream and mesic-xeric upland species
represented in plots farthest from the stream. In contrast, restored sites were most strongly represented by upland species
at all distances relative to the stream. These patterns likely result from the increased water levels in reconnected channels
where, prior to restoration, upland plants had expanded toward the stream. Nonetheless, the restored fluvial regime has not
brought about the development of characteristic flood-adapted plant communities, probably due to the short time interval (ca.
5 years) since restoration. Previous studies have demonstrated relatively quick responses to similar restoration in single-channel
tributaries, but secondary channels may respond differently due to the more buffered hydrologic regimes typically seen in
anabranching systems. These findings illustrate how restoration outcomes can vary according to hydrologic, climatic and ecological
factors, reinforcing the need for site-specific restoration strategies. 相似文献