农地流转对农地与劳动力资源利用效率的影响——基于甘肃省农户调查数据的实证研究

本研究采用倾向得分匹配法（PSM）分别就农地流转对农地、农业劳动力、非农劳动力和总劳动力资源利用效率的影响进行了分析。结果表明,农户的农地转入和转出行为都能有效提高总劳动力资源利用效率,而农地转出行为在一定程度上降低了农地资源利用效率。农地转入户的总劳动力和农业劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高2026.153元/人和4844.289元/人,两组农户间的农地资源利用效率差异不显著;农地转出户的总劳动力和非农劳动力资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户分别高3315.577元/人和2581.883元/人,其农地资源利用效率比未参与流转的农户低466.488元/亩。因此,农地流转不一定会提高农地资源利用效率,但有利于促进农村劳动力专业化,从而提高农村总劳动力资源利用效率。     

Continuous, intermittent and passive sampling of airborne VOCs

Long sampling periods are often advantageous or required for measuring air quality and characterizing exposures. However, sampling periods exceeding 8 to 24 h using thermally desorbable adsorbent tube (TDT) samplers for the measurement of airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) face several challenges, including maintaining stable and low flow rates, and avoiding breakthrough of the adsorbent. These problems may be avoided using intermittent sampling; however, the literature contains few if any reports that have evaluated this technique in environmental, occupational or other applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate continuous, intermittent and passive sampling methods using both laboratory and real-world tests. Laboratory tests compared continuous and intermittent (active) samplers in a controlled dynamic test gas generation system. Field tests used side-by-side active and passive samplers in an office, home workshop and four smokers' homes. All samples were analyzed for a wide range of VOCs by GC-MS. In most instances, intermittent sampling yielded better reproducibility (duplicate precision of 10 +/- 6%) than continuous low-flow sampling (18 +/- 5%), in part due to difficulty maintaining low flows. Concentrations obtained using intermittent sampling agreed with those for continuous sampling, with downward biases resulting primarily from errors in flow rate measurements. In the field, more VOC species were detected using active rather than passive sampling. Passive measurements were 12% lower than continuous measurements, a difference attributed to declining uptake rates at higher concentrations over the 3 to 4 d sampling period. Overall, most measurements obtained using the three sampling methods agreed within 20% for a wide range of concentrations (0.1 to 230 microg m(-3)). Both passive and intermittent sampling approaches are suitable for long sampling periods, but intermittent sampling provides greater flexibility with respect to sampling period, and permits the use of multi-bed adsorbents that can capture a wider range of VOCs.     

3种赤潮微藻生长过程中pH的变化及其耐受力研究

在实验生态条件下,采用一次性培养法对3种赤潮微藻:赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长过程中pH的变化以及对pH的耐受力进行了研究。结果表明:(1)塔玛亚历山大藻对pH具有极高的耐受力,在pH值昼夜变化为9.0～10.3时,仍能进行指数生长,其培养液的最高pH值为10.4;(2)中肋骨条藻在pH值8.9～9.6时仍能进行指数生长,其培养液达到的最高pH值为9.7;(3)赤潮异弯藻在pH8.7～9.4可进行指数生长,其培养液达到的最高pH值为9.5。在培养过程中3种赤潮微藻培养液的pH值都有较大的变化范围;3种赤潮微藻,尤其是塔玛亚历山大藻对pH具有极高的耐受力,这可能是它们容易形成赤潮的原因之一。     

环境因子对羊栖菜氮磷吸收速率、生长速率和叶绿素a含量的影响

实验室条件下,研究了光照、温度、盐度对羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiforme)N、P吸收速率、生长速率和叶绿素a含量的影响。单因子实验结果显示:羊栖菜适宜的N吸收条件为光照强度150～300μE/(m2.s)、温度20～25℃、盐度18～28;适宜的P吸收条件为光照强度150～300μE/(m2.s)、温度15～25℃、盐度18～23;适宜的生长条件为光照强度150～300μE/(m2.s)、温度15～25℃、盐度18～28。光照、温度、盐度三因子综合实验结果显示:羊栖菜最佳N吸收条件为光照强度200μE/(m2.s)、温度20℃、盐度18;适宜的P吸收条件为光照强度150μE/(m2.s)、温度15℃、盐度23至光照强度300μE/(m2.s)、温度25℃、盐度13范围内;适宜的生长条件为光照强度150μE/(m2.s)、温度15℃、盐度23至光照强度200μE/(m2.s)、温度20℃、盐度18范围内。     

颗粒计数仪在水处理絮凝过程中的应用研究

以水中高岭土颗粒和腐殖酸有机物为去除对象,首次采用颗粒计数仪对铝盐絮体的动态絮凝变化过程进行了在线监测和分析。通过改变水力条件和投药量,分析了硫酸铝和聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂絮凝过程中各阶段的絮体颗粒粒径分布情况,在此基础上分析并确定絮凝反应的最佳条件。通过实验表明:颗粒计数仪能够较好地表现出絮凝过程的粒径分布变化,同时得出颗粒总数变化与絮凝效果的相关性很好,可以灵敏地表征絮凝效果的好坏,因而可以用来优化絮凝剂的投加量,提高出水水质和降低出水成本。可以预期,颗粒计数器在未来水处理中一定会得到广泛的应用。     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrement of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

北京地区2003～2007年人类活动氮累积状况研究

人类活动引起的生态系统的氮输入和累积对区域环境特别是水环境有着潜在的重要影响.引入人类活动净氮累积的概念(net anthropogenic nitrogen accumulation,NANA),将NANA定义为人类活动氮的输入和输出之差,它是通过大气沉降、肥料应用、人类食物和动物饲料、氮固定和河流的累积这五项来计算...     

移动型环境风险源识别与分级方法研究

为了有效管理移动型环境风险源,降低其在转移运输过程中的风险水平,建立了用于识别移动型环境风险源并为其环境风险分级的方法.本方法基于我国现有环境污染事故统计分析结果,选取能够表现移动源诱发事故的起因及特征的风险评价指标因子,采用指标因子分析方法量化环境风险源风险水平.分级过程中分析了移动型环境风险源环境风险影响因子、环境风险源源强特征和风险表征方式,以风险物质数量水平-环境风险水平为基础建立风险分级矩阵,最终形成包含"环境风险源筛选"和"风险分级"两步的分级方法,旨在直观体现移动型环境风险源风险水平的同时,提高方法的可操作性和实用性.     

铜胁迫对铜锈环棱螺致死率、富集性、CAT和SOD的影响

以浙江省温州市瓯海茶山某河内的铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为研究对象,研究了铜胁迫下铜对铜锈环棱螺的致死效应、铜锈环棱螺对铜的富集性、铜对铜锈环棱螺肝胰腺过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,铜锈环棱螺对较低浓度Cu2+(1.0、2.0 mg.L-1)具有一定的抵抗能力,而在较高浓度Cu2+(4.0～8.0 mg.L-1)胁迫下,则出现较高的死亡率。当ρ(Cu2+)为0.2～0.8 mg.L-1时,随着染毒时间的增加和染毒剂量的加大,铜锈环棱螺对铜的富集性也在增强,但当ρ(Cu2+)为1.6 mg.L-1时,铜锈环棱螺对铜的富集量却随染毒时间的增加而呈下降趋势。在铜胁迫下,铜锈环棱螺肝胰腺CAT和SOD活性受到较大影响。