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71.
Nitrate facilitates cadmium uptake, transport and accumulation in the hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Pengjie Hu Yong-Gen Yin Satoru Ishikawa Nobuo Suzui Naoki Kawachi Shu Fujimaki Masato Igura Cheng Yuan Jiexue Huang Zhu Li Tomoyuki Makino Yongming Luo Peter Christie Longhua Wu 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6306-6316
The aims of this study are to investigate whether and how the nitrogen form (nitrate (NO3 –) versus ammonium (NH4 +)) influences cadmium (Cd) uptake and translocation and subsequent Cd phytoextraction by the hyperaccumulator species Sedum plumbizincicola. Plants were grown hydroponically with N supplied as either NO3 – or NH4 +. Short-term (36 h) Cd uptake and translocation were determined innovatively and quantitatively using a positron-emitting 107Cd tracer and positron-emitting tracer imaging system. The results show that the rates of Cd uptake by roots and transport to the shoots in the NO3 – treatment were more rapid than in the NH4 + treatment. After uptake for 36 h, 5.6 (0.056 μM) and 29.0 % (0.290 μM) of total Cd in the solution was non-absorbable in the NO3 – and NH4 + treatments, respectively. The local velocity of Cd transport was approximately 1.5-fold higher in roots (3.30 cm h?1) and 3.7-fold higher in shoots (10.10 cm h?1) of NO3 –- than NH4 +-fed plants. Autoradiographic analysis of 109Cd reveals that NO3 – nutrition enhanced Cd transportation from the main stem to branches and young leaves. Moreover, NO3 – treatment increased Cd, Ca and K concentrations but inhibited Fe and P in the xylem sap. In a 21-day hydroponic culture, shoot biomass and Cd concentration were 1.51 and 2.63 times higher in NO3 –- than in NH4 +-fed plants. We conclude that compared with NH4 +, NO3 – promoted the major steps in the transport route followed by Cd from solution to shoots in S. plumbizincicola, namely its uptake by roots, xylem loading, root-to-shoot translocation in the xylem and uploading to the leaves. S. plumbizincicola prefers NO3 – nutrition to NH4 + for Cd phytoextraction. 相似文献
72.
Stephen Niksa Naoki Fujiwara 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):930-939
Abstract The proposed mercury (Hg) oxidation mechanism consists of a 168-step gas phase mechanism that accounts for interaction among all important flue gas species and a heterogeneous oxidation mechanism on unburned carbon (UBC) particles, similar to established chemistry for dioxin production under comparable conditions. The mechanism was incorporated into a gas cleaning system simulator to predict the proportions of elemental and oxidized Hg species in the flue gases, given relevant coal properties (C/H/O/N/S/Cl/Hg), flue gas composition (O2, H2O, HCl), emissions (NOX, SOX, CO), the recovery of fly ash, fly ash loss-on-ignition (LOI), and a thermal history. Predictions are validated without parameter adjustments against datasets from lab-scale and from pilot-scale coal furnaces at 1 and 29 MWt. Collectively, the evaluations cover 16 coals representing ranks from sub-bituminous through high-volatile bituminous, including cases with Cl2 and CaCl2 injection. The predictions are, therefore, validated over virtually the entire domain of Cl-species concentrations and UBC levels of commercial interest. Additional predictions identify the most important operating conditions in the furnace and gas cleaning system, including stoichiometric ratio, NOX, LOI, and residence time, as well as the most important coal properties, including coal-Cl. 相似文献
73.
T. Niisoe E. Nakamura K. Harada H. Ishikawa T. Hitomi T. Watanabe Z. Wang A. Koizumi 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(14):1806-1814
A global atmospheric transport model is used to calculate lead concentrations in the atmosphere. The model performance is evaluated through comparisons with observations in Europe. The model results of lead concentrations in surface air were compared with measurements in East Asia. The detailed comparisons showed generally good agreement for recent decades, although systematic underestimation was found in China. Anthropogenic lead emissions in China are estimated from economic statistics to be 56 000 t yr?1, which is not small considering the economic scale of China. The underestimations suggest a hidden source of lead emissions. The emissions in Japan and Korea are derived from optimization by the model. The magnitude is about 2000 t yr?1, which is much greater than that reported by the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register in Japan and Toxics Release Inventory in Korea. 相似文献
74.
Comparative survey of levels of chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides in breast milk from some cities of China, Korea and Japan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Exposure of mothers to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was assessed by measuring the levels of 20 OCPs in 70 human breast milk samples pooled from 210 individuals from China, Korea and Japan. The OCPs were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in electron capture negative ionization (ECNI) monitoring. The results showed that β-hexachlorocyclohexane and hexachlorobenzene were one order of magnitude higher in China than in the other nations, whereas chlordanes and polychlorinated biphenyl levels were highest in Japan. Heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, toxaphenes and mirex were detected in most samples, and levels of these chemicals were significantly higher in Japan (0.8-4.5 ng g−1 lipid), followed by Korea (0.2-4.7 ng g−1 lipid), and lowest in China (less than 1.0 ng g−1 lipid). α- and β-endosulfans were detected at a range of 0.9-1.5 ng g−1 lipid levels in all samples analyzed, and their levels were higher in Korean than in Chinese samples. 相似文献
75.
76.
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has long been an environmental contaminant of concern owing to its potential health risk. However, exposure to perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) other than PFOA is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the concentrations of PFCAs in vacuum cleaner dust in Japan to measure the PFCAs contamination in an indoor environment. Most of the 77 samples contained PFCAs with 6-13 carbon atoms. The median concentration of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 23.2 ng g−1) was highest among PFCAs, followed by PFOA (20.8 ng g−1) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA, 12.9 ng g−1). The 90th percentile concentrations of PFNA, PFUnDA and perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) were 948, 283 and 110 ng g−1, respectively, and these were detected at greater concentrations than neighboring, even-numbered PFCAs. The proportion of long-chain PFCAs in vacuum cleaner dust from Japan was relatively higher than those reported for other countries. Factor analysis showed three independent factors. Odd-numbered long chain PFCAs (PFNA, PFUnDA and PFTrDA), which can correspond to factor 1, were major components of PFCAs in vacuum cleaner dust. Short chain PFCAs (factor 2) and even numbered long chain PFCAs (factor 3) were also statistically separated. These findings suggest that there are several sources of PFCAs with different origins in indoor environment. Further investigations into the origins of PFCAs are needed to evaluate indoor contamination with PFCAs. 相似文献
77.
Seiichirou Ohura Hiroyuki Harada Biplob Kumar Biswas Mitsunori Kondo Susumu Ishikawa Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto Katsutoshi Inoue 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(4):293-297
Zirconium was loaded onto orange waste, a cheap and available agricultural waste in Japan, to investigate the feasibility
of its utilization for phosphorus recovery from secondary effluent and side-stream liquid, which contain 5.9 and 68.2 mg/dm3 phosphorus, respectively. The phosphorus removal from side-stream liquid by using zirconium-loaded saponified orange waste
(Zr-SOW) gel increased with an increasing solid/liquid ratio, and it was found that Zr-SOW gel showed better performance than
zirconium ferrite. The prepared adsorbent was effective for phosphorus removal and exhibited a reasonably high adsorption
capacity, twice than that of zirconium ferrite. The secondary effluent was treated in a column packed with Zr-SOW gel, and
an dynamic adsorption capacity of 1.3 mol-P/kg was attained. The adsorbed phosphorus from the column was successfully eluted
as a concentrated form by using a small amount of 0.2 M NaOH. Throughout the elution process, zirconium was not leaked from
the adsorption gel. 相似文献
78.
Yutaka Kuwayama Mayumi Ito Maiko Akatsuka Naoki Hiroyoshi Masami Tsunekawa 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):156-163
Automobile shredded residue is a potential solid fuel when its metal and chlorine-containing parts have been removed. The
authors have investigated physical separation of automobile shredded residue to obtain the components that may be used in
solid fuel and found that agglomerates of entangling fiber-like components are formed during crushing, making removal of metals
and chlorine-containing parts difficult. In this paper, a reattachment ratio, entrapment ratio, and disentanglement ratio
are proposed to evaluate the entanglement properties of crushed automobile shredded residue. It is found that products smaller
than 16 mm were not reattached easily in the sieving process, and an index based on entanglement properties proposed here
is useful to predict suitable crushing conditions. Wet detachment of entrapped particles from agglomerates of entangling materials
was also applied to separate particulate matter from crushed ASR. 相似文献
79.
Kai Huang Katsutoshi Inoue Hiroyuki Harada Hidetaka Kawakita Keisuke Ohto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(2):118-126
The leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal waste incineration (MWI) fly ash was investigated in this study. The
leaching process includes two steps, i.e., fly ash was firstly washed with water, and then subjected to citric acid leaching.
The main parameters of the washing process such as liquid/solid ratio, washing time, and number of washing were tested. The
optimum conditions for water washing were found as follows: washing time 5–10 min, liquid/solid ratio 10:1 (ml:g), and number
of washing was twice; under these conditions, 86% Na, 70% K, 12% Ca, 1.2% Al, and 0.5% Pb were removed from the fly ash in
the prewashing. From the results of screening tests of leaching lixiviants, citric acid was found to be the most effective
leaching agent, taking account of its environmentally benign characteristics. Optimum metal extraction can be achieved with
citric acid under the following conditions: pH 3.0, liquid/solid ratio 40 (ml:g), citric acid concentration 0.10 mol/dm3, contact time 20 min at room temperature. 相似文献
80.