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排序方式: 共有476条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
91.
Robert J. Tidona Ahtisham A. Nizami Nicholas P. Cernansky 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):806-811
Experiments were carried out to determine the relative chemiluminescence quenching efficiencies as a function of third body concentration for each of the common combustion products, H2O, CO2, CO, H2, O2 and Ar. These results are compared with those of other investigators. The effect of reaction chamber pressure on analyzer response and the development of an analyzer design which incorporates an adjustable sample capillary inlet capable of maintaining a constant molar flow rate of sample gas to the reaction chamber are discussed. The effect of carbon monoxide interference on chemiluminescent NOx measurement has been isolated and found to be significant. A means of correcting NO, measurements for these CO interference effects is described. Quantification of NO and NO2 absorption in liquid water in NOx sampling systems has been made. Recommendations for sample system designs to handle the presence of water in the sample gas are made. 相似文献
92.
Gurumurthy Ramachandran John L. Adgate Nicholas Hill Ken Sexton Gregory C. Pratt Donald Bock 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):1157-1166
ABSTRACT Measurements of 15-min average PM2.5 concentrations were made with a real-time light-scattering instrument at both outdoor (central monitoring sites in three communities) and indoor (residential) locations over two seasons in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. These data are used to examine within-day variability of PM2.5 concentrations indoors and outdoors, as well as matched indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) ratios. Concurrent gravimetric measurements of 24-hr average PM2.5 concentrations were also obtained as a way to compare real-time measures with this more traditional metric. Results indicate that (1) within-day variability for both indoor and outdoor 15-min average PM2.5 concentrations was substantial and comparable in magnitude to day-to-day variability for 24hr average concentrations; (2) some residences exhibited substantial variability in indoor aerosol characteristics from one day to the next; (3) peak values for indoor short-term (15-min) average PM2.5 concentrations routinely exceeded 24-hr average outdoor values by factors of 3-4; and (4) relatively strong correlations existed between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations for both 24-hr and 15-min averages. 相似文献
93.
Melissa A. Kenney Peter R. Wilcock Benjamin F. Hobbs Nicholas E. Flores Daniela C. Martínez 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2012,48(3):603-615
Kenney, Melissa A., Peter R. Wilcock, Benjamin F. Hobbs, Nicholas E. Flores, and Daniela C. Martínez, 2012. Is Urban Stream Restoration Worth It? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 603-615. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00635.x Abstract: Public investment in urban stream restoration is growing, yet little has been done to quantify whether its benefits outweigh its cost. The most common drivers of urban stream projects are water quality improvement and infrastructure protection, although recreational and aesthetic benefits are often important community goals. We use standard economic methods to show that these contributions of restoration can be quantified and compared to costs. The approach is demonstrated with a case study in Baltimore, Maryland, a city with a legal mandate to reduce its pollutant load. Typical urban stream restoration costs of US$500-1,200 per foot are larger than the cost of the least expensive alternatives for management of nitrogen loads from stormwater (here, detention ponds, equivalent to $30-120 per foot of restored stream) and for protecting infrastructure (rip-rap armoring of streambanks, at $0-120 per foot). However, the higher costs of stream restoration can in some cases be justified by its aesthetic and recreational benefits, valued using a contingent valuation survey at $560-1,100 per foot. We do not intend to provide a definitive answer regarding the worth of stream restoration, but demonstrate that questions of worth can be asked and answered. Broader application of economic analysis would provide a defensible basis for understanding restoration benefits and for making restoration decisions. 相似文献
94.
Nicholas Molyneux Gil Rangel da Cruz Robert L. Williams Rebecca Andersen Neil C. Turner 《Ambio》2012,41(8):823-840
The climate in Timor Leste (East Timor) is predicted to become about 1.5 °C warmer and about 10 % wetter on average by 2050. By the same year, the population is expected to triple from 1 to 2.5–3 million. This article maps the predicted changes in temperature and rainfall and reviews the implications of climate change and population growth on agricultural systems. Improved cultivars of maize, rice, cassava, sweet potato and peanuts with high yield performance have been introduced, but these will need to be augmented in the future with better adapted cultivars and new crops, such as food and fodder legumes and new management practices. The requirements for fertilizers to boost yields and terracing and/or contour hedgerows to prevent soil erosion of steeply sloping terrain are discussed. Contour hedges can also be used for fodder for improved animal production to provide protein to reduce malnutrition. 相似文献
95.
Stewardship among lifestyle oriented rural landowners 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nicholas Gill Peter Klepeis Laurie Chisholm 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(3):317-334
Changes in landownership associated with amenity migration are affecting the demographic, cadastral and ecological conditions of rural landscapes. These changes and concerns about their impacts on natural resource management, including ecological conservation, relate to both the structural consequences of landownership change, land subdivision and to the motivations, management ability and attitudes of lifestyle oriented rural landowners. Based on an Australian case study near Sydney, NSW, this paper examines the motivations and practices of such landowners, assesses potential consequences for vegetation and characterises the landowners according to three stewardship types. 相似文献
96.
Nicholas A. Martin Edward J. Leming Malcolm H. Henderson Robert P. Lipscombe John K. Black Scott D. Jarvis 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(28):3378-3385
There is a requirement to verify the performance of sorbent-based passive or active samplers and to extend their use, where possible, to monitor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are known to be photochemical ozone pre-cursors or are relevant to the activities of the petrochemical industry. We report measurements of the 14-day diffusive uptake rates for the VOCs: i-butane (2-methyl propane), n-butane, i-pentane (2-methyl butane), n-pentane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, and m-xylene (at environmental level concentrations) for industry standard axial samplers (Perkin–Elmer-type samplers) containing the sorbents Carbopack-X, -Z, -B or Tenax-TA. We also present data on back-diffusion, blank levels, and storage for the above sorbents, and describe the simultaneous use of the sorbent Carbopack-X for pumped sampling of certain VOCs. The results were obtained by dosing samplers in a controlled atmosphere test facility (CATFAC) operating under well-defined conditions of concentration, nominal temperature of 20 °C, wind speed of 0.5 m s?1, and relative humidities of 0% and 80%. Field measurements were also obtained to provide supplementary data to support the laboratory study. Results are compared to existing published data, where these are available. 相似文献
97.
Moreno-Jiménez E Beesley L Lepp NW Dickinson NM Hartley W Clemente R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):3078-3085
Monitoring soil pollution is a key aspect in sustainable management of contaminated land but there is often debate over what should be monitored to assess ecological risk. Soil pore water, containing the most labile pollutant fraction in soils, can be easily collected in situ offering a routine way to monitor this risk. We present a compilation of data on concentration of trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in soil pore water collected in field conditions from a range of polluted and non-polluted soils in Spain and the UK during single and repeated monitoring, and propose a simple eco-toxicity test using this media. Sufficient pore water could be extracted for analysis both under semi-arid and temperate conditions, and eco-toxicity comparisons could be effectively made between polluted and non-polluted soils. We propose that in-situ pore water extraction could enhance the realism of risk assessment at some contaminated sites. 相似文献
98.
Pérez-de-Mora A Madejón P Burgos P Cabrera F Lepp NW Madejón E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):3018-3027
We investigated the efficiency of various by-products (sugarbeet lime, biosolid compost and leonardite), based on single or repeated applications to field plots, on the establishment of a vegetation cover compatible with a stabilization strategy on a multi-element (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) contaminated soil 4-6 years after initial amendment applications. Results indicate that the need for re-treatment is amendment- and element-dependent; in some cases, a single application may reduce trace element concentrations in above-ground biomass and enhance the establishment of a healthy vegetation cover. Amendment performance as evaluated by % cover, biomass and number of colonizing taxa differs; however, changes in plant community composition are not necessarily amendment-specific. Although the translocation of trace elements to the plant biotic compartment is greater in re-vegetated areas, overall loss of trace elements due to soil erosion and plant uptake is usually smaller compared to that in bare soil. 相似文献
99.
Evaluating Infiltration Requirements for New Development Using Extreme Storm Transposition: A Case Study from Dane County,WI 下载免费PDF全文
Nicholas G. Hayden Kenneth W. Potter David S. Liebl 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2016,52(5):1170-1178
Changes in land use and extreme rainfall trends can lead to increased flood vulnerability in many parts of the world, especially for urbanized watersheds. This study investigates the performance of existing stormwater management strategies for the Upper Yahara watershed in Dane County, WI to determine whether they are adequate to protect urban and suburban development from an extreme rainfall. Using extreme storm transposition, we model the performance of the stormwater infiltration practices required for new development under current county ordinances. We find during extreme rainfall the volume of post‐development runoff from impervious surfaces from a typical site would increase by over 55% over pre‐development conditions. We recommend the ordinance be strengthened to reduce vulnerability to flooding from future urban expansion and the likely increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme storms. 相似文献
100.
Joshua Eli Cinner Morgan Stuart Pratchett Nicholas Anthony James Graham Vanessa Messmer Mariana Menezes Prata Bezerra Fuentes Tracy Ainsworth Natalie Ban Line Kolind Bay Jessica Blythe Delphine Dissard Simon Dunn Louisa Evans Michael Fabinyi Pedro Fidelman Joana Figueiredo Ashley John Frisch Christopher John Fulton Christina Chemtai Hicks Vimoksalehi Lukoschek Jennie Mallela Aurelie Moya Lucie Penin Jodie Lynn Rummer Stefan Walker David Hall Williamson 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(4):1133-1146
Corals and coral-associated species are highly vulnerable to the emerging effects of global climate change. The widespread degradation of coral reefs, which will be accelerated by climate change, jeopardizes the goods and services that tropical nations derive from reef ecosystems. However, climate change impacts to reef social–ecological systems can also be bi-directional. For example, some climate impacts, such as storms and sea level rise, can directly impact societies, with repercussions for how they interact with the environment. This study identifies the multiple impact pathways within coral reef social–ecological systems arising from four key climatic drivers: increased sea surface temperature, severe tropical storms, sea level rise and ocean acidification. We develop a novel framework for investigating climate change impacts in social–ecological systems, which helps to highlight the diverse impacts that must be considered in order to develop a more complete understanding of the impacts of climate change, as well as developing appropriate management actions to mitigate climate change impacts on coral reef and people. 相似文献