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101.
Rick Tinker Blake Orr Emmy Hoffmann Stephen Solomon 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(5):353-361
The origin of a series of atmospheric radioxenon events detected at the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organisation (CTBTO) International Monitoring System site in Melbourne, Australia, between November 2008 and February 2009 was investigated. Backward tracking analyses indicated that the events were consistent with releases associated with hot commission testing of the Australian Nuclear Science Technology Organisation (ANSTO) radiopharmaceutical production facility in Sydney, Australia. Forward dispersion analyses were used to estimate release magnitudes and transport times. The estimated 133Xe release magnitude of the largest event (between 0.2 and 34 TBq over a 2 d window), was in close agreement with the stack emission releases estimated by the facility for this time period (between 0.5 and 2 TBq). Modelling of irradiation conditions and theoretical radioxenon emission rates were undertaken and provided further evidence that the Melbourne detections originated from this radiopharmaceutical production facility. These findings do not have public health implications. This is the first comprehensive study of atmospheric radioxenon measurements and releases in Australia. 相似文献
102.
Krein A Audinot JN Migeon HN Hoffmann L 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):3-4
Background, Aim and Scope
Current scientific studies and evaluations clearly show that an increase of urban dust loads, alone or combined with other
pollutants und certain meteorological conditions lead to different significant health effects. Premature death, increased
hospital admissions and increased respiratory symptoms and diseases as well as decreased lung function can be observed in
combination with high pollutant levels. Sensitive groups like elderly people or children and persons with cardiopulmonary
diseases such as asthma are more strongly affected. Because of the direct contact between fine particles and lung tissue more
information concerning the surface structure (mapping of toxic elements) is required.
Materials and Methods:
The NanoSims50 ion microprobe images the element composition at the surface of sub-micrometer air dust particles and documents
hot spots of toxic elements as a possible threat for human health.
Results:
The atmospheric fine dust consists of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. Heavy metals are fixed on airborn
particles in the form of hot spots in a nanometer scale. From a sanitary point of view, the hot spots consisting of toxic
elements are particularly relevant as they react directly with the lung tissues.
Discussion:
To what extent particles can penetrate the various areas of the lungs and be deposited there depends on the one hand on their
physical characteristics and on the other on breathing patterns and the anatomy of the lung, which is subject to change as
the result of growth, ageing or illness. Once inhaled, some particles can reach the pulmonary alveoli and thus directly expose
the lung tissues to toxic elements.
Conclusions:
Especially the mapping of toxic arsenic or heavy metals like copper on the dust particles shows local hot spots of pollution
in the dimension of only 50 nanometers.
Recommendations and Perspectives:
Imaging of elements in atmospheric particles with NanoSIMS will help to identify the material sources. 相似文献
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Meyer B Pailler JY Guignard C Hoffmann L Krein A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,180(1-4):127-146
Urban and agricultural areas affect the hydraulic patterns as well as the water quality of receiving drainage systems, especially of catchments smaller than 50 km(2). Urban runoff is prone to contamination due to pollutants like pesticides or pharmaceuticals. Agricultural areas are possible sources of nutrient and herbicide contamination for receiving water bodies. The pollution is derived from leaching by subsurface flow, as well as wash-off and erosion caused by surface runoff. In the Luxembourgish Mess River catchment, the pharmaceutical and pesticide concentrations are comparable with those detected by other authors in different river systems worldwide. Some investigated pesticide concentrations infringe current regulations. The maximum allowable concentration for diuron of 1.8 μg l(?-?1) is exceeded fourfold by measured 7.41 μg l(?-?1) in a flood event. The load of dissolved pesticides reaching the stream gauge is primarily determined by the amount applied to the surfaces within the catchment area. Storm water runoff from urban areas causes short-lived but high-pollutant concentrations and moderate loads, whereas moderate concentrations and high loads are representative for agricultural inputs to the drainage system. Dissolved herbicides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, analgesics and hormones can be used as indicators to investigate runoff generation processes, including inputs from anthropogenic sources. The measurements prove that the influence of kinematic wave effects on the relationship between hydrograph and chemographs should not be neglected in smaller basins. The time lag shows that it is not possible to connect analysed substances of defined samples to the corresponding section of the hydrograph. 相似文献