基于基本顶断裂位置分析剩余煤柱稳定性*

为简化支承应力表达式及全面分析煤柱稳定性,基于基本顶断裂位置建立工作面剩余煤柱载荷力学模型,将指数函数型支承应力曲线简化为与其拟合的幂函数抛物线,推导出剩余煤柱载荷及极限宽度B表达式。计算得出312工作面基本顶断裂位置与非开采帮塑性区边缘距离d为8.6~11.5 m,B为8.06~8.85 m。研究结果表明:随着d增加,煤柱载荷及B均逐渐增大;B随煤层黏聚力与内摩擦角的增加而减小,随煤层埋深、应力集中系数、侧压力系数、煤层厚度及工作面采高的增加而增大。研究结果有助于更加全面地分析煤柱稳定性,为工程实践提供一定理论指导。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal sediments of the Izmit Bay (Marmara Sea): case studies before and after the Izmit Earthquake

Izmit Bay and its coastal environment was strongly affected by the August 17th, 1999 Izmit Earthquake. The changes in the Bay ecosystem and its chemical oceanography have been studied in detail previously [Okay, O.S., Tolun, L, Telli-Karako?, F., Tüfek?i, V., Tüfek?i, H. And Morko?, E. 2001. Yzmit Bay ecosystem after Marmara earthquake and subsequent fire: The long-term data. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42, 361-369; Balkys, N. 2003. The effect of Marmara (Izmit ) Earthquake on the chemical oceanography of Izmit Bay, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 865-878.]. In this study surface sediments collected from the Izmit Bay before and after the earthquake have been analysed for total and individual (14 compounds) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Analyses have been performed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC/FD). Before the earthquake, total PAH concentrations in the Bay sediments ranged from 120 to 8900 ng/g while after the earthquake PAH concentrations varied between 240 and 11,400 ng/g. Molecular indices based on isomeric PAH ratios used to differentiate the pollution sources, clearly indicate the differences in molecular distribution of PAHs before and after the earthquake. Sediment data obtained before the earthquake shows that most of the contamination originated from high temperature pyrolytic inputs while after the earthquake it originated from petrogenic sources. This difference emphasises the environmental impact of uncontrolled discharges from petroleum industries after the earthquake. The LMW/HMW ratio (sum of the low molecular weight PAHs / the sum of higher molecular weight PAHs) predominance also changed after the earthquake as a result of the strong water movements. According to the characteristics of aromatic rings distributed in the bay sediments, the soluble parts of the total PAH were probably transferred to the water column after the earthquake as a result of resuspension process. The TEL/PEL (Threshold Effect Level / Probable Effect Level) analysis suggests that the Izmit Bay sediments were likely contaminated by acutely toxic PAH compounds.     

充分发挥政府职能推动循环经济发展

本文简要阐述了作者对循环经济的认识以及发展循环经济的必要性,并面向级政府和政府部门提出了对发展循环经济的几点建议。     

盐城滨海湿地春季温室气体通量及影响因素

通过在盐城滨海湿地进行植被调查、气体以及表层沉积物样品的采集与分析,探讨温室气体通量与植被状况、表层沉积物理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:不同植被覆盖下的滨海湿地,温室气体通量表现各异,其中CO2在滨海湿地5月份表现为碳源,且有植被覆盖的互花米草滩和芦苇滩的CO2排放通量明显大于无植被覆盖的光滩,盐蒿滩植被的盖度和密度较低,故排放也较低,光滩、互花米草滩、盐蒿滩以及芦苇滩CO2通量分别为26.99、865.2、100.87和1 942.03 mg(/m2.h);CH4在光滩,互花米草滩,盐蒿滩上则为弱汇,在芦苇滩为弱源,通量值分别为-0.13、-0.14、-0.02和0.55 mg(/m2.h);光滩和芦苇滩是N2O吸收汇,为-12.29,-56.83μg(/m2.h),互花米草滩和盐蒿滩为源,为18.56,25.64μg(/m2.h)。表层沉积物理化性质存在显著的空间差异:其中粒径与容重均是光滩最大,互花米草滩最小,盐蒿滩、芦苇滩居中;TN、TOC、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N均是光滩最小,互花米草滩最大,盐蒿和芦苇居中;C/N为互花米草滩和芦苇滩较大,而光滩和盐蒿滩则较小。全盐分布表现为互花米草滩>盐蒿滩>光滩>芦苇滩。pH表现为:芦苇>光滩>盐蒿滩>互花米草滩。通过相关分析,回归分析以及主成分分析,得出CO2和CH4通量与箱温、10²0 cm沉积物温度以及pH呈显著相关,而N2O则主要与pH、全盐、容重、微生物生物量N的相关性较大。     

纤维素基吸附剂——绿色、经济的水处理材料

介绍了一类基于天然纤维素的水处理用吸附剂.对纤维素修饰羧基等阴离子基团,可以用来吸附水中的重金属阳离子(如cd(2+)、Cu(2+)、Hg(2+)、Ni(2+)、Pb(2+).对纤维素修饰铝铁或胺基等成分,可以吸附水中含砷阴离子、氟离子等有害阴离子.在纤维素上修饰疏水链,可以吸附水中氯苯、染料等危害健康的有机物.     

河道型水库滑坡涌浪漫坝特性*

为探究山区河道型水库中,滑坡涌浪产生的冲击波对重力坝漫坝的影响,运用三维物理模型试验方法,探究近坝库区滑坡涌浪冲击波到达坝前时,坝前首浪最大振幅与涌浪漫坝体积的关系。结果显示,坝前首浪振幅沿坝体两岸向中间减小,坝段中心容易出现最小值;漫坝体积随首浪振幅的增加而增大。研究结果表明:坝前首浪最大振幅与涌浪漫坝体积两者呈正相关关系,漫坝体积受滑坡体角度与滑坡体积影响显著,进而构建漫坝体积计算方法。研究结果能够为大坝安全评估提供一定参考依据。     

Determination of total organic halogen (TOX) in humic acids after microwave-induced combustion

Chemically chlorinated organic matter as well as natural background humic acids contain significant amounts of organically bound halogens that must be determined for assessment of environmental pollution. In this work the use of ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is proposed for the determination of total organic Cl, Br and I concentration in humic acids extracted from various forest soil horizons after a single digestion by microwave-induced combustion (MIC). Samples were pressed as pellets and combusted using 20 bar of oxygen and ammonium nitrate solution as igniter. Analytes were absorbed in diluted alkaline solution (50 mM (NH₄)₂CO₃) and a reflux step was applied after combustion to improve analyte recoveries (5 min, microwave power of 1400 W). The accuracy was evaluated using certified reference materials (CRM) and spiked samples. Using MIC the agreement with CRM values and spike recoveries was higher than 97% for all analytes. As an advantage over conventional procedures, using MIC it was possible to digest up to eight samples in only 25 min, obtaining a single solution suitable for all halogens determination in humic acids samples by different techniques (IC and ICP-MS). The limit of detection (3σ) for Cl, Br and I obtained by IC was 1.2, 2.5 and 4.3 μg g⁻¹ and by ICP-MS it was 1.4, 0.03 and 0.002 μg g⁻¹, respectively.     

Behavior of PAHs from sewage sludge incinerators in Korea

Although production of sewage sludge increases every year, its proper treatment has only been recently raised as a new issue, as current landfill and ocean dumping arrangements are expected to become increasingly difficult to manage in the future. The Korean Ministry of Environment plans to diversify its processing facilities and expand its processing systems by 2011, with the purpose of processing all sludge produced in Korea. According to this plan, incineration (including incineration of municipal wastes) will process 30% of the entire sewage sludge throughout the country in 2011. This study reviews the characteristics of PAH, which is one of the organic substances found in sewage sludge during the incinerating process. The total amount of PAH produced from sewage sludge incineration was found to be 6.103 mg/kg on average, and investigation performed on 16 PAHs of inlets and outlets of the air control devices at five full-scale incineration facilities showed that concentrations of the PAHs on the inlet and on the outlet ranged from 3.926 to 925.748 microg/m(3) and from 1.153 to 189.449 microg/m(3), respectively. In the case of the incineration facility fed with municipal waste (95%) and sewage sludge (5%), the total of the PAH emissions concentration was higher than that found at the incineration facilities used exclusively to treat sewage. The combustion of waste vinyl and plastics contained in municipal waste fed into the facility might contribute to the high levels of PAHs in the stack gas. However more investigation is needed on the production mechanism of PAHs at different operating conditions of the incineration facilities, such as the types of waste, and other relevant factors.     

长江沿岸主导产业的类型转换与格局演化——基于省级以上开发区的考察

主导产业对于地区产业发展方向、产业结构构成乃至在全国区域产业分工中所处地位和作用的影响重大.以长江沿岸省级以上开发区为考察对象,利用缓冲区分析、文本挖掘等方法对2006和2018年沿岸0～5、5～15和15～ 30 km距离区间以及上中下游主导产业的类型转换与格局演化进行分析.结果 发现:(1)制造业始终占据沿岸核心地位,高污染产业逐渐退出长江近岸,"化工围江"现象有所改善,产业升级态势明显.(2)优势主导产业分布更趋稳定,具备打造世界级产业集群的潜力,同时产业类型更趋多元,战略性新兴产业增长迅速.(3)产业布局总体呈现由长江向外逐层递减,由下游至上游逐级递减的格局,但表现出一定程度的区域平衡态势.(4)上中游和下游主导产业类型分布呈现出梯度差异演化,具备产业转移条件,同时存在一定的产业竞争风险.