金鱼藻与铜绿微囊藻共生情况下的化感作用

研究了金鱼藻(Ceratophfllum demersum)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共生时二者之间的相互作用.通过追踪测定铜绿微囊藻的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a浓度、藻胆蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量,研究了金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用机制,以及铜绿微囊藻对金鱼藻生长的胁迫.结果表明,金鱼藻对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,作用96 h后藻细胞完全死亡;排除营养和光的竞争影响,认为抑制作用主要是由化感作用引起的.培养过程中,铜绿微囊藻叶绿索a和藻胆蛋白(包括藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白)都有不同程度的损伤;作用末期,藻蓝蛋白的损伤程度最大,叶绿素a次之.藻细胞SOD活性以及MDA含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势.铜绿微囊藻对金鱼藻也有一定胁迫作用,使其生长量减少,叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量降低.     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations

In practice, pesticides are usually applied simultaneously or one after another for crop protection, and this type of pesticide application often leads to a combined contamination of pesticide residues in the soil environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorothalonil on chlorpyrifos degradation and its effects on soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations. Under the experimental conditions here, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination with chlorothalonil, at the recommended and double dosages, were measured to be 3.24, 2.77, and 2.63 d, respectively. Chlorpyrifos degradation was not significantly altered by its combination with chlorothalonil. However, the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microorganisms was increased by its combination with chlorothalonil, and the increase was related to the levels of chlorothalonil added. Compared to those in the controls, the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly reduced by 44.1%, 61.1%, and 72.8%, respectively, on the first day after treatment (DAT) by chlorpyrifos alone. With the addition of chlorothalonil, the inhibition was increased to 55.2%, 79.3%, and 85.8% at the recommended dosage, and 86.0%, 94.1%, and 90.8% at the double dosage, at one DAT, respectively. The results suggested that combined effects should be taken into account to assess the actual impacts of pesticide applications.     

Organic carbon stratification and size distribution of three typical paddy soils from Taihu Lake region, China

Developing realistic soil carbon (C) sequestration strategies for China’s sustainable agriculture relies on accurate estimates of the amount, retention and turnover rates of C stored in paddy soils. Available C estimates to date are predominantly for the tilled and flood-irrigated surface topsoil (ca. 30 cm). Such estimates cannot be used to extrapolate to soil depths of 100 cm since soil organic carbon (SOC) generally shows a sharp decrease with depth. In this research, composite soil samples were collected at several depths to 100 cm from three representative paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region, China. Soil organic carbon distribution in the profiles and in aggregate-size fractions was determined. Results showed that while SOC decreased exponentially with depth to 100 cm, a substantial proportion of the total SOC (30%–40%) is stored below the 30 cm depth. In the carbon-enriched paddy topsoils, SOC was found to accumulate preferentially in the 2–0.25 and 0.25–0.02 mm aggregate size fractions. σ13C analysis of the coarse micro-aggregate fraction showed that the high degree of C stratification in the paddy topsoil was in agreement with the occurrence of lighter @1313C in the upper 30 cm depth. These results suggest that SOC stratification within profiles varies with di erent pedogenetical types of paddy soils with regards to clay and iron oxyhydrates distributions. Sand-sized fractions of aggregates in paddy soil systems may play a very important role in carbon sequestration and turnover, dissimilar to other studied agricultural systems.     

放射性污染植物修复中超富集植物的数值评价

目前超富集植物在放射性污染植物修复评价体系中还没有明确的核素富集量限定值,借鉴辐射环境评价方式,明确放射性污染低剂量概念,推算达干预水准时的植物富集系数,结合放射性废物管理规定,计算富集系数应达到的水平,提出了重要核素的超富集植物评价的新的量值概念;建立修复年限模式,讨论了一定生物量和生物富集系数对修复年限的影响。结果表明,根据上述因素导出的各重要核素的超富集植物最低富集系数略有不同,分别是Cs-137:0.70、Sr-90:0.86、Co-60:2.89、Pu-239:0.26、Am-241:0.21、Cm-244:0.12、U-235:0.18、U-238:0.052。良好的超富集植物,其富集系数应再提高一个数量级。     

含TMT的高分子整体多孔滤板去除水中铅的研究

制备含有2,4,6-三硫代三聚氰酸钠(TMT)的多孔高分子滤板,测定了该滤板对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能。讨论了溶液温度、pH值和流速对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:它对Pb2+具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速度。铅离子的去除率超过90%,高分子滤板经再生实验后可循环使用。     

废水生物脱氮除磷工艺技术经济比较分析

生物脱氮除磷工艺的选择,应根据实际情况经技术经济比较后确定.对A2/O工艺、OCO工艺、CAST工艺、UNITANK工艺及BICT工艺进行了技术经济比较分析,认为在当今污水处理要求愈加严格的情况下,应优先选用高效能、低能耗、低投资及占地少、操作管理方便的处理工艺.     

电特大舰船电磁环境的并行多层快速多极子研究

针对舰船目标尺寸巨大、形状复杂、电磁设备繁多的特点,选取并行多层快速多极子技术来模拟仿真其电磁环境.讨论了多层快速多极子技术并行化的难点及其解决方案.在北京理工大学电磁仿真中心的并行计算平台上,成功模拟仿真了尺寸达到540个电波长的舰船模型的电磁环境.计算了复杂结构舰船上任意激励源对舰船电磁环境的影响.以两个金属槽间的相互作用为例,分析了存在任意激励时源场的相互作用.     

温度环境对弹药储存影响性分析与研究

分析了温度环境对弹药储存危害的直接作用、间接作用与差异作用,针对弹药仓库及弹药储存的温度环境情况,选择在库房条件和露天条件两种情况下,对弹药储存环境温度进行实地测量,得出弹药在有适当环境防护措施下储存,相对高温对弹药储存及使用性能影响甚微的结论.     

非金属材料在两种温度下乙醛脱气的数学规律

以一种常用的非金属材料--舱室用长效防腐涂料作为实验样品,密封于实验箱中,在不同的温度条件下脱气,应用转化/气相色谱法在90 d的时间内对脱出的乙醛浓度进行连续测试,并作拟合与回归曲线,得到变化规律.     

改性玉米秸秆对水中磷酸根的吸附动力学研究

将化学改性后的玉米秸秆制备阴离子交换剂,重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学特性.通过静态实验,考察了在不同pH、温度、磷酸根初始浓度条件下,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根吸附效果的影响,并分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,Langmuir等温模式能更好地描述改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果,并且随着温度的升高,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的最大吸附量逐渐减小.改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,30 min内即可达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程,吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散控制.随着初始浓度的增大,伪二级吸附速率常数逐渐减小,颗粒内扩散速率常数逐渐增大.通过改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学研究,可以为反应器的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水溶液中磷酸根的技术应用具有重要实际意义.