石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源

为研究石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源,利用移动式采样法收集石家庄市不同类型铺装道路积尘,使用ICP-MS和ICP-OES分析测定PM_2.5中Cr、Zn、Mn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Sn、As、Sb、Co、Mo、Cd、Al、Mg、Ca、Fe共16种元素的质量分数.结果表明:石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素质量分数之和依次为支路>快速路>主干道>次干道,与车流量、车辆类型、道路类型等影响因素有关,w（Mg）、w（Ca）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）、w（Sn）、w（Sb）、w（Mo）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于当地土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~40.5倍,其中Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb、Mo、Cd等元素中,除Pb的富集因子（9.38）接近10外,其他均高于10,来源于人为污染.I_geo（地累积指数）评价结果显示,Cr、Sn（I_geo为4~5）达到强-极强污染水平;Cd、Cu（I_geo为3~4）达到强污染水平;Sb、Mo、Zn（I_geo为2~3）为中-强污染水平,Pb（I_geo为1~2）为中污染水平.多元统计分析结果表明,石家庄市冬季道路积尘中金属元素来源可分为四大类:As、Mo、Zn、Cd、Ni、Pb主要来自机动车和大气中的燃煤沉降;Mn、Co、Sb来自于自然来源、机动车尾气的排放和焊接材料及轴承的磨损;Cr、Cu、Sn主要来自于工业排放的沉降和机动车刹车片磨损;Al、Ca、Mg、Fe主要来自绿化带或机动车携带的土壤尘.研究显示,石家庄市冬季道路积尘PM_2.5中金属元素污染严重,主要来源于交通排放.      

暗管排水治理渍害田初探

暗管排渍改良低产稻田的试验结果表明,暗管排水显著降低地下水埋探,提高了土壤通透性,减少了土壤中的有毒物质,改善了水稻生长的土壤环境。在宾阳试区和环江试区采用不同水稻品种试验结果表明。与改良前的1989年相比,分别增产53.8％和36.5和36.5％;比同年农艺措施相同的明沟排水田分别增产11.15％和19.93％。     

Multiplicity-adjusted Inferences in Risk Assessment: Benchmark Analysis with Continuous Response Data

We develop and study multiplicity adjustments for low-dose inferences in environmental risk assessment. Application is intended for risk analysis studies where human, animal, or ecological data are used to set safe levels of a hazardous environmental agent. A modern method for making inferences in this setting is known as benchmark analysis, where attention centers on the dose at which a fixed benchmark level of risk is achieved. Both upper confidence limits on the risk and lower confidence limits on the “benchmark dose” are of interest. In practice, a number of possible benchmark risks may be under study; if so, corrections must be applied to adjust the limits for multiplicity. In this note, we discuss approaches for doing so with continuous, nonquantal response data.     

三峡水库1956—2017年坝下径流特征分析

采用三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站1956—2017年日径流监测数据和长江上游80个国家气象站年均降水量长系列资料,利用一元线性分析法、滑动平均法、线性趋势回归法、非参数统计检验法、Mann-Kendall秩次相关、累积距平法和滑动T检验法分析三峡工程运行前后坝下径流的变化特征,其成果可为三峡工程调度提供参考。结果表明:三峡水库坝下宜昌水文站径流量变化趋势具有显著阶段性。三峡水库蓄水运行前宜昌水文站径流量和上游降水量相关性超过90%,该时期径流量主要受上游天然来水影响。三峡水库运行后,径流量主要受人类活动影响。宜昌水文站径流年际变化减少趋势不显著,长江上游降水量呈显著减少趋势。坝下径流量和上游降水量在2002年发生了突变且变化趋势相同,但径流量减少趋势不显著。径流年内分布发生了一定变化,其中汛期径流量占年径流总量百分比从72%下降到66%,枯期径流量占年径流量总量百分比从11%增加到15%。三峡工程调蓄是人类活动的直接表现,枯期宜昌水文站径流量增大是三峡工程生态效益的具体体现。     

The solid-solution partitioning of heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb) in upland soils of England and Wales

Ninety-eight surface soils were sampled from the uplands of England and Wales, and analysed for loss-on-ignition (LOI), and total and dissolved base cations, Al, Fe, and trace heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb). The samples covered wide ranges of pH (3.4-8.3) and LOI (9-98%). Soil metal contents measured by extraction with 0.43 mol l-1 HNO3 and 0.1 mol l-1 EDTA were very similar, and generally lower than values obtained by extraction with a mixture of concentrated nitric and perchloric acids. Total heavy metal concentrations in soil solution depend positively upon soil metal content and [DOC], and negatively upon pH and LOI, values of r2 ranging from 0.39 (Cu) to 0.81 (Pb). Stronger correlations (r2=0.76-0.95) were obtained by multiple regression analysis involving free metal ion (Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+) concentrations calculated with the equilibrium speciation model WHAM/Model VI. The free metal ion concentrations depend positively upon MHNO3 and negatively upon pH and LOI. The data were also analysed by using WHAM/Model VI to describe solid-solution interactions as well as solution speciation; this involved calibrating each soil sample by adjusting the content of "active" humic matter to match the observed soil pH. The calibrated model provided fair predictions of total heavy metal concentrations in soil solution, and predicted free metal ion concentrations were in reasonable agreement with the values obtained from solution-only speciation calculations.     

塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的效能研究

通过正交试验研究了固液比、进水COD和运行周期对塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床处理垃圾渗滤液的性能影响.小试试验结果表明,在温度为10～37 ℃条件下,固液比是影响污染物去除性能的关键因素.现场中试研究表明,在水力负荷为0.267～0.444 m3/d(以每立方米矿化垃圾计)条件下,出水COD和出水氨氮基本满足国家二级排放标准.塔式矿化垃圾生物反应床是一种高效低耗的垃圾渗滤液处理工艺.     

Small town lead levels: a case study from the homes of pre-schoolers in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan

This study evaluates the relationship between household Pb levels and four variables (home age, distance to road, traffic volume adjacent to the home, and the amount of exposed soil) for 42 homes in a small city. As a whole, Pb levels for the Mt. Pleasant sample were very low compared to large cities. Home age appeared to have the greatest impact on Pb levels as determined by atomic absorption soil = 65 microg g(-1), vacuum dust = 620 microg g(-1), window sill = 291 microg m(-1), indoor play area = 22 microg m(-1), and home entrance = 291 microg m(-1). The correlation coefficient for increasing home age and soil Pb level was r=0.63 (p<0.000). An inverse relationship (r=-0.45, p=0.003) occurred between soil Pb levels and distance from the road. Household Pb levels generally increased both with higher traffic volumes and greater amounts of exposed soil although both trends were not statistically significant. Study participants kept their home in a good to excellent state of repair and resided on lightly trafficked streets; as such, Pb deposition through the weathering of Pb-based paint and the former combustion of leaded gasoline was minimized.     

2,4-二氯苯酚溶液的挥发性及其处理对策

研究了温度、pH、曝气等因素对2，4-二氯苯酚溶液挥发性的影响。结果表明，高温、低pH及高曝气量可提高2，4-二氯苯酚的挥发程度。研究表明，直接电解法处理此类废水效率较低，针对此情况提出了应注意的事项及基本处理对策。     

工业废水COD剖析分析及其与有机物总量的关系

对钢铁厂、化工厂、制药厂、煤气焦化厂、煤矿废水COD进行了剖析分析,结果表明,废水中SS和可溶性无机物对COD有着重要贡献,不同类型或同一类型的工业废水,两者对COD贡献不同,且差值较大。SS贡献最大和最小者分别为61.1％和12.4％。可溶性无机物最大和最小贡献者分别为28.4％和14.6％。原水澄清或过滤测得COD明显偏低。同时,试验了GC法测得有机物总量与澄清水和原水COD的关系,前者呈相关,r为0.8183(n=7),后者无相关性,r仅为0.379(n=7)。     

单分子层二氧化铈脱硫机理研究

单分子层二氧化铈可用于烟气中二氧化硫的脱除，文章研究了单分子层二氧化铈的硫化反应动力学。结果表明：硫化反应速率很高，且在反应初期基本保持不变；硫化增重在呈线性急剧诱惑 高后，逐渐趋于平稳，最后反应速率趋近为零。硫化反应处于扩散控制区，温度对反应速率影响很小，而二氧化硫的浓度对反应速率影响很大，还得到了硫化反应动力学方程。