Comparative study on water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 from two distinct climate regions and air quality

Recently, air quality has significantly improved in developed country, but that issue is of concern in emerging megacity in developing country.In this study, aerosols and their precursor gas were collected by NILU filter pack at two distinct urban sites during the winter and summer in Osaka, Japan and dry and rainy seasons in Ho Chi Minh City(HCMC),Vietnam.The aims are to investigate the contribution of water-soluble inorganic ions(WSIIs) to PM_(2.5), thermodynamic characterization and possible formation pathway of secondary inorganic aerosol(SIA).The PM_(2.5) concentration in Osaka(15.8 μg/m~3) is lower than that in HCMC(23.0 μg/m~3), but the concentration of WSIIs in Osaka(9.0 μg/m~3) is two times higher than that in HCMC(4.1 μg/m~3).Moreover, SIA including NH_4~+, NO_3~-and SO_4~(2-)are major components in WSIIs accounting for 90% and 76%(in molar) in Osaka and HCMC,respectively.Thermodynamic models were used to understand the thermodynamic characterization of urban aerosols.Overall, statistical analysis results indicate that very good agreement(R~2 0.8) was found for all species, except for nitrate aerosol in HCMC.We found that when the crustal species present at high amount, those compositions should be included in model calculation(i.e.in the HCMC situation).Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of NH_4~+– NO_3~-– SO_4~(2-)system.A possible pathway to produce fine nitrate aerosol in Osaka is via the homogeneous reaction between NH_3 and HNO_3, while nonvolatile nitrate aerosols can be formed by the heterogeneous reactions in HCMC.     

The Effectiveness of Activated Sludge Procedure and UV-C 254 in Norovirus Inactivation in a Tunisian Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant

The molecular detection of Norovirus GI and Norovirus GII in the Tunisian industrial wastewater treatment plant of Charguia I was conducted to test the eff     

Virus Type-Specific Removal in a Full-Scale Membrane Bioreactor Treatment Process

We investigated removal of noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses in a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) plant by monitoring virus concentrations in wastewater samples during two gastroenteritis seasons and evaluating the adsorption of viruses to mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS). Sapoviruses and rotaviruses were detected in 25% of MBR effluent samples with log reduction values of 3- and 2-logs in geometric mean concentrations, respectively, while noroviruses were detected in only 6% of the samples. We found that norovirus and sapovirus concentrations in the solid phase of mixed liquor samples were significantly higher than in the liquid phase (P < 0.01, t test), while the concentration of rotaviruses was similar in both phases. The efficiency of adsorption of the rotavirus G1P[8] strain to MLSS was significantly less than norovirus GI.1 and GII.4 and sapovirus GI.2 strains (P < 0.01, t test). Differences in the adsorption of viruses to MLSS may cause virus type-specific removal during the MBR treatment process as shown by this study.     

秦皇岛口岸入境船舶压载水中微生物携带情况调查

通过对秦皇岛口岸两个港口进行实地采样,随机选取20艘入境船舶作为监测对象,分析了压载水pH、比重、水温、浊度,并研究了压载水中病原微生物的携带状况.通过分析和研究发现,入境船舶压载水中携带有一定量的病原微生物.本次调查结果与相关文献资料说明了船舶压载水已成为多种微生物包括病原微生物的重要传播途径,相关部门应制订出相应的预防控制与管理措施.     

Organic carbon accumulation capability of two typical tidal wetland soils in Chongming Dongtan, China

We measured organic carbon input and content of soil in two wetland areas of Chongming Dongtan (Yangtze River Estuary) to evaluate variability in organic carbon accumulation capability in di erent wetland soils. Observed di erences were investigated based on the microbial activity and environmental factors of the soil at the two sites. Results showed that the organic carbon content of wetland soil vegetated with Phragmites australis (site A) was markedly lower than that with P. australis and Spartina alterniflora (site B). Sites di erences were due to higher microbial activity at site A, which led to higher soil respiration intensity and greater carbon outputs. This indicated that the capability of organic carbon accumulation of the site B soils was greater than at site A. In addition, petroleum pollution and soil salinity were di erent in the two wetland soils. After bio-remediation, the soil petroleum pollution at site B was reduced to a similar level of site A. However, the culturable microbial biomass and enzyme activity in the remediated soils were also lower than at site A. These results indicated that greater petroleum pollution at site B did not markedly inhibit soil microbial activity. Therefore, di erences in vegetation type and soil salinity were the primary factors responsible for the variation in microbial activity, organic carbon output and organic carbon accumulation capability between site A and site B.     

江西崇义淘锡坑大型钨矿床成矿花岗岩体研究

简介了江西崇义淘锡坑大型钨矿床的地质背景、矿化特征,详细叙述了淘锡坑岩体的形态、分布、矿物成分、化学成分,归纳了最新的同位素年龄及地球化学数据,探讨了淘锡坑岩体作为成矿母岩的成矿作用,并对其整体形态进行了预测,分析了下步的找矿有利地段。     

The larval parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microplitis croceipes</Emphasis> oviposits in conspecific adults

Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a larval parasitoid of Helicoverpa/Heliothis spp. In the course of mass rearing of M. croceipes, we found that females oviposited in the conspecific adults in rearing cages. When 20 pairs of inexperienced females and males or of experienced females and males were reared in a cage, the males lived for 14–15 days and the females for 18–20 days on average. At their death, 37–42% of the males and 50–57% of the females contained conspecific eggs or first instar larvae in their abdominal cavity. When two of inexperienced females met on a host-infested leaf of soybean, they attempted to sting each other. Of the attacked females, 30% contained a conspecific egg laid in their abdomen. In abdominal cavity of the adults parasitized by a conspecific female, the majority of the parasitoid eggs laid disappeared within 1 day after oviposition. Only 10–30% of the parasitoid eggs laid in conspecific adults hatched 3–4 days after oviposition, but those larvae never molted to second instar. When the adults were stung by one or two conspecific females, their subsequent longevity was significantly shorter than that for the control adults. Oviposition in conspecific adults may be prevalent in other parasitic wasps that quickly oviposit without intensive host examination, and have cuticle and size of abdomen to be stung by conspeicifcs.     

Survival in an extreme habitat: the roles of behaviour and energy limitation

Extreme habitats challenge animals with highly adverse conditions, like extreme temperatures or toxic substances. In this paper, we report of a fish (Poecilia mexicana) inhabiting a limestone cave in Mexico. Several springs inside the cave are rich in toxic H₂S. We demonstrate that a behavioural adaptation, aquatic surface respiration (ASR), allows for the survival of P. mexicana in this extreme, sulphidic habitat. Without the possibility to perform ASR, the survival rate of P. mexicana was low even at comparatively low H₂S concentrations. Furthermore, we show that food limitation affects the survival of P. mexicana pointing to energetically costly physiological adaptations to detoxify H₂S.     

Probabilistic modeling of young children's overall lead exposure in France: integrated approach for various exposure media

OBJECTIVES: Emissions of lead into the environment (and thus its environmental concentrations) have decreased in recent years. We sought to estimate the overall lead exposure of children aged 6 months to 6 years (the population group most exposed and most sensitive to lead) in France through the various media (air, food, water, soils, and dust) and the respective contributions of each medium to the total dose. We have focused on the general population, leaving aside specific risk factors such as deteriorated lead paints. METHODS: We used the most recent French intake data for food and water, and a daily ingested quantity selected from the literature for soils and dust. Contamination data came from the first total diet study of contaminant levels in France (2000-2001), from regulatory testing of tap water (2004), a literature review of lead in urban soils, and a pilot study (2005) of lead in dust. Air quality monitoring measurements showed that the contribution of air could now be safely ignored. Weekly exposure doses were estimated with Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS: Median weekly exposure dose was 7.5 microg/kg bw.week for children aged 6 months to 3 years and 4.7 for those aged from 3-6 years. 95th percentiles were 13.5 and 8.7 microg/kg bw.week. Exposure came mainly from food. The principal uncertainties are associated with quantification limits in food and water, representativeness and traceability of tap water samples, and absence of recent data about urban soil contamination. CONCLUSIONS: These results differ quite notably from earlier estimates and highlight the need, especially for policy-making purposes, to update exposure measurements for this metal.     

门头沟煤矿区土壤有机污染特征与微生物特性

以自动索氏提取、GC-MS分析等复合方法体系对煤矿区土壤有机污染物特征、基本理化特性和微生物性质构成的土壤微生态环境进行了研究.结果表明,煤矿区土壤受到了不同程度的有机物污染,其含量分布在0.4～1.5 mg/g干土之间,为同地区背景土样的1.5～6倍.有机污染物中饱和烃和芳香烃等轻质组分含量超过40%,以C15以上的...