黑碳吸附/解吸对微生物降解苯酚的影响

本文以黑碳为吸附介质,苯酚为吸附质,研究了黑碳上吸附的苯酚以及液相中的苯酚对微生物降解的影响。苯酚降解微生物选择假单胞菌,它能够以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源。通过实验得出,Freundlich吸附模型能够较好地描述苯酚在黑碳上的吸附;在实验浓度和时间条件下,假单胞杆菌降解苯酚呈现零级反应,在有黑碳的体系中,苯酚降解速度为5.77 mg.L-1.h-1,在无黑碳的体系中,苯酚降解速度为2.67 mg.L-1.h-1,黑碳促进了细菌降解苯酚,加大苯酚的降解速度。实验在有黑碳的体系中可以得出黑碳上苯酚的脱附速率跟不上细菌的降解速率,当液相中的苯酚降解完成后,黑碳的苯酚脱附是细菌降解苯酚的限制条件。     

温州近海海域海水及滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染特征分析

为了解温州近海海域全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)的污染状况和特征,采用固相萃取/高效液相串联质谱检测法分析了采自乐清湾、瓯江口、西湾、飞云江口及洞头半屏岛的近海海水和滩涂沉积物中PFOS和PFOA污染水平。结果显示,温州近海海水普遍存在PFOS和PFOA污染,其中,PFOS的浓度范围为<1.0～31.36 ng/L,中位浓度为2.29 ng/L;PFOA的浓度范围为<1.0～23.66 ng/L,中位浓度为5.29 ng/L。滩涂沉积物样品中PFOS和PFOA的浓度范围(干重)分别为(<1.0～11.91)×10-9(中位浓度为3.60×10-9)和(1.84～34.01)×10-9(中位浓度为6.83×10-9)。温州近海海水中PFOS和PFOA的污染水平明显高于香港沿岸、中国南海海水、韩国沿岸海水和近海珠江三角洲,与大连湾的海水相当,海岸滩涂沉积物中的PFOS和PFOA浓度远高于珠江和黄浦江沉积物中的浓度。     

球衣菌对Pb2+的吸附及其影响因素研究

采用球衣菌(Sphaerotilus natans)FQ32为生物吸附剂,研究了Pb2 初始浓度、吸附剂用量、菌龄、pH值、温度和吸附时间等理化因素对球衣菌吸附硝酸铅溶液模拟废水中Pb2 的影响.结果表明,球衣菌在Pb2 初始质量浓度为50mg,/L、吸附剂0.6g/L用量、菌龄32h、pH=7、温度30℃、吸附时间60min的条件下,对Pb2 的吸附率为89.98%,吸附量为74.98mg/g;该吸附过程是一个快速的过程,在吸附5mln时,吸附量已达总吸附量的94%,90min达到吸附平衡.球衣菌对Pb2 的吸附基本为细胞表面的被动吸附,吸附条件对吸附效率有较大影响.     

膨润土对复合污染中表面活性剂的吸附及机理

选取阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)及非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX-100)为代表,研究了其在膨润土上的吸附行为,探讨了膨润土阳离子交换容量(CEC)、温度、盐度对CPC吸附的影响.结果表明,Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附性能最好,对SDBS基本无吸附,对TX-100的吸附介于两者之间.Na基膨润土对CPC的吸附是阳离子交换和疏水键缔合共同作用的结果,对TX-100的吸附主要是通过其与膨润土硅氧表面间的氢键作用,同时通过疏水键作用形成吸附双分子层;SDBS在Ca基膨润土上的吸附损失量先增大后减小,在1.5倍临界胶束浓度 (CMC)时达到极大值,主要机理是SDBS与膨润土中的Ca²⁺产生沉淀作用,而胶束具有再溶解沉淀的作用.膨润土对CPC的吸附量随着温度升高而降低,随着CEC的增大而增大,一定浓度NaCl的加入有利于其在膨润土上的吸附.     

滤后水中NOM经臭氧氧化产生的小分子醛、酮和酮酸

以富集、分离得到的滤后水中6种不同特性的天然有机物(NOM)为对象,测定了臭氧氧化NOM各组分后小分子醛、酮及酮酸的生成情况.NOM各组分臭氧氧化后甲醛和丙酮酸产量最大,特别是憎水中性物质(HON)的甲醛产率是其醛、酮总产率的70.58%,单位DOC丙酮酸的产率达103.2 μg/mg;憎水性NOM组分的小分子醛、酮、酮酸产率比亲水性组分的高,特别是憎水中性物质(HON)和憎水酸(HOA)的小分子醛、酮及酮酸类总产率最高,二者之和分别占NOM各组分的醛酮总产率及酮酸总产率的55.56%和60%; NOM碱性组分的醛、酮、酮酸产量最低.用小分子醛、酮、酮酸总量折算DOC占氧化后NOM的DOC的百分比作为衡量氧化后各组分可生物降解性的参考,则臭氧氧化后HON和HOA的可生物降解性比其他组分高得多.     

Vertical and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with their influencing factors in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone： a case study in Taihu Lake, China

Vertical and temporal distributions of N and P in soil solution in aquatic-terrestrial ecotone （ATE） of Taihu Lake were investigated, and the relations among N, P, ORP （oxidation reduction potential）, TOC, root system biomass and microorganism were studied. As a whole, significant declines in TN, NO3^--N, DON （dissolved organic nitrogen） and TP concentration in soil solution have occurred with increase of the depth, and reached their minima at 60 cm depth, except for NH4^＋-N, which increased with depth. The concentration of TP increased gradually from spring to winter in the topsoil, the maximum 0.08 mg/L presented in the winter while the minimum 0.03 mg/L in spring. In the deeper layer, the concentration value of TP fluctuated little. As for the NO3^--N, its seasonal variation was significant at 20 cm depth, its concentration increased gradually from spring to autumn, and decreased markedly in winter. Vertical and temporal distribution of DON is contrary to that of NO3^--N. The results also show that the variation of N and P in the percolate between adjacent layers is obviously different. The vertical variation ofTN, TP, NO3^--N, NH4^＋-N and DON is significant, of which the variation coefficient of NO3^--N along the depth reaches 100.23%, the highest; while the variation coefficient of DON is 41.14%, the smallest. The results of correlation analysis show that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus correlate significantly with TOC, ORP, root biomass and counts of nitrifying bacteria. Most nutrients altered much from 20 to 40 cm along the depth. However, DON changed more between 60 and 80 cm. Results show that soil of 0-60 cm depth is active rhizoplane, with strong capability to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus in ATE. It may suggest that there exists the optimum ecological efficiency in the depth of above 60 cm in reed wetland. This will be very significant for ecological restoration and reestablishment.     

Kinetics of selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 on Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst

The catalyst of Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 has been found to be more active than Fe-ZSM-5 and Mo/ZSM-5 separately for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) with NH3. The kinetics of the SCR reaction in the presence of O2 was studied in this work. The results show that the observed reaction orders were 0.74-0.99, 0.01-0.13, and 0 for NO, O2 and NH3, respectively, at 350-450℃. And the apparent activation energy of the SCR was 65 kJ/mol on the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The SCR mechanism was also deduced. Adsorbed NO species can react directly with adsorbed ammonia species on the active sites to form N2 and H2O. Gaseous O2 might serve as a reoxidizing agent for the active sites that have undergone reduction in the SCR process. It is also important to note that a certain amount of NO was decomposed directly over the Fe-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst in the absence of NH3.     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

UV-B辐射增强与秸秆施用对大豆田土壤呼吸的影响

利用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定土壤呼吸,研究了UV-B辐射增强和秸秆施用对大豆田土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,UV-B辐射增强20%使土壤呼吸速率降低了30.31%,秸秆施用使土壤呼吸速率提高了14.51%,UV-B辐射增强+秸秆施用复合处理对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响.UV-B增强提高了施用秸秆的碳转化率.对照、UV-B增强、秸秆施用和UV-B增强+秸秆施用4种处理的土壤呼吸与土壤温度都存在极其显著的指数关系(p0.01),拟合方程的决定系数R2分别为0.434、0.563、0.451和0.513.土壤呼吸温度敏感系数Q10值分别为1.55、1.91、1.80和1.71.可见,UV-B辐射增强、秸秆施用和UV-B辐射增强+秸秆施用提高了大豆田土壤呼吸的Q10.     

西南山地铅锌矿区耕地土壤和谷类产品重金属含量及健康风险评价

对西南山地某铅锌矿区耕地土壤（旱地和水田）和主要谷物类产品（小麦、玉米和稻米）进行取样调查,分别测定并分析了土壤和谷物中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、As等重金属的含量.同时,通过Nemero综合污染指数评价了矿区耕地土壤的污染状况,并利用MMSOILS风险评价模型评价了食用当地谷物类产品对成人和儿童造成的重金属健康风...