日本东京供水管网的漏损预防管理

供水管网的漏损控制管理是城市水资源管理以及节水管理中的重要环节,东京作为国际上管网漏损控制最优秀的城市之一,漏损率从1955年战后恢复时期的20％控制到2007年的3．3％。多年来,东京在漏损控制技术和管理方面积累了丰富的优秀经验,并且建立了完善的供水管网漏损预防管理体系,指出为了保证有效的漏损控制和预防,必须做到以下四个方面,即准确掌握管网属性信息、重视管网的维护和更新、不断发展漏损控制与预防技术及重视人力资源管理及人才培养。东京成功的漏损控制经验可以从管理体制、管理手段、技术研发、人才培养等方面对中国的供水管网漏损管理及节水管理提供有益的借鉴经验。     

阿维菌素在稻田水、土壤及稻米中的残留研究

采用田间试验方法,应用HPLC法测定了阿维菌素在水稻水、土壤及稻米中的残留。结果表明：阿维菌素在稻田水、土壤及稻米中的平均添加回收率分别在85.51%～87.98%、78.57%～83.09%、82.74%～86.80%之间。阿维菌素的最小检出量为4.824×10^-10g,水、土壤、稻米中阿维菌素的最低检测浓度分别为0.001 mg/kg、0.014 mg/kg、0.01 mg/kg。该药属易分解农药（T1/2〈30 d）,按推荐使用剂量使用时收获的稻米是安全的。     

Diurnal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM2:5 in Shanghai, China

Forty-eight daily time interval PM2:5 samples were collected from December 2006 to January 2008 in an urban site in Shanghai, China. Concentrations and compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed with GC-MS to study the diurnal and seasonal variations and to identify the main emitting sources. The diurnal variation of the PAHs concentrations was greater in the late autumn and winter sampling days, and was greatly influenced by meteorological conditions such as wind speed and ambient temperature. The concentration of PAHs in the mornings (6:30–10:00) increased distinctly, and was high in the late autumn and winter sampling days, indicating the contribution from vehicle emissions during rush hours. The diurnal variation of the high molecular weight PAHs did not seem to be controlled by the shift of gas-particle partitioning due to temperature variation, instead, it could be indicative of the variation in the source. Statistical analyses showed that the concentrations of PAHs were negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, and positively correlated with relative humidity. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs suggested mixed emission sources of petroleum and coal/biomass combustion for PAHs in the PM2:5 in Shanghai.     

Composition, source, mass closure of PM2:5 aerosols for four forests in eastern China

PM2.5 aerosols were collected in forests along north latitude in boreal-temperate, temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones in eastern China, i.e., Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve (CB), Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming Island (CM), Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve (DH), Jianfengling Nature Reserve in Hainan Island (HN). The mass concentrations of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) as well as concentrations of ten inorganic ions (F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were determined. Aerosol chemical mass closures were achieved. The 24-hr average concentrations of PM2.5 were 38.8, 89.2, 30.4, 18 μg/m3 at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. Organic matter and EC accounted for 21%-33% and 1.3%-2.3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. The sum of three dominant secondary ions (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) accounted for 44%, 50%, 45% and 16% of local PM2.5 mass at CB, CM, DH and HN, respectively. WSOC comprised 35%-65% of OC. The sources of PM2.5 include especially important regional anthropogenic pollutions at Chinese forest areas.     

填料对曝气生物滤池影响的概述

曝气生物滤池因为其优越的自身条件,逐渐成为世界各国首选的处理各种污水的处理装置。而填料作为曝气生物滤池最关键影响因素引起广泛关注。文章简单介绍了填料的研究进展,对填料上生物膜的形成以及其填料净化机理等方面进行了研究;填料的选择是滤池设计和出水水质的关键因素。填料的类型、粒径、密度、高度对曝气生物滤池的效能有重要影响。尽管目前填料种类繁多,但由于曝气生物滤池除磷能力较弱,希望开发更多新型曝气生物滤池填料类型,更好地满足各种类型废水的处理。     

Water quality monitoring in a slightly-polluted inland water body through remote sensing — Case study of the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China

This study focused on the water quality of the Guanting Reservoir, a possible auxiliary drinking water source for Beijing. Through a remote sensing (RS) approach and using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data, water quality retrieval models were established and analyzed for eight common water quality variables, including algae content, turbidity, and concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus. The results show that there exists a statistically significant correlation between each water quality variable and remote sensing data in a slightly-polluted inland water body with fairly weak spectral radiation. With an appropriate method of sampling pixel digital numbers and multiple regression algorithms, retrieval of the algae content, turbidity, and nitrate nitrogen concentration was achieved within 10% mean relative error, concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus within 20%, and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus within 30%. On the other hand, no effective retrieval method for chemical oxygen demand was found. These accuracies were acceptable for the practical application of routine monitoring and early warning on water quality safety with the support of precise traditional monitoring. The results show that performing the most traditional routine monitoring of water quality by RS in relatively clean inland water bodies is possible and effective.     

三峡小流域水体硝态氮含量变化特征及其影响因素研究

为了解三峡地区典型农业流域水体水质状况以及对流域各影响因素的响应,在2004年和2005年间,对三峡库区内长江一级支流曲溪的水体硝态氮含量进行了连续监测,利用划分子流域的方法,分析了该流域异质景观条件下溪流水硝态氮含量的变化特征.结果表明,该流域溪流水体中硝态氮含量变化在0.4～14.6 mg·L-1之间,且其含量冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季,年际之间也存在着一定的差异,随着农业活动对环境影响的日益加剧水体中硝态氮含量还有加大的趋势;在该流域内水体硝态氮含量与不同类型的土地利用之间存在不同程度的相关性;而且流域内地质水文特征等环境因素对水体硝态氮含量有一定的影响,说明在流域尺度上水体硝态氮含量对影响因素的响应是明显的.     

纺织品中有毒有害物质检测技术的研究现状

纺织品中有毒有害物质超标是纺织品顺利进出口的主要限制因素,而目前中国的检测技术在具体实施中仍存在许多问题。本文阐述了国内纺织品中主要的三类物质检测技术的发展现状,并针对常用检测方法提出一些建议。     

乙蒜素乳油在黄瓜和土壤中的残留消解动态

采用田间试验,对乙蒜素乳油在长沙、广州、山东、北京四地的黄瓜及土壤中的残留进行了研究,结果表明乙蒜素在黄瓜中的消解速度较快,乙蒜素在黄瓜中半衰期分别为广州3．47d,长沙1．37d,山东2．10d,北京3．18d;乙蒜素在土壤中半衰期分别为广州3．34d,长沙2．46d,山东2．60d,北京2．89d;41％乙蒜素乳油兑水稀释1500倍（乙蒜素浓度为33．75mg·L^-1）,使用2次,末次施药7d后,乙蒜素在未检出-0．011mg·kg^-1,在土壤中为未检出。该药属于易降解农药（T1/2〈30d）,按推荐剂量使用是安全的。