塔玛亚历山大藻对文蛤呼吸和排泄的影响

水温20℃下,设置(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0) ×103/mL六个藻类浓度组,以静水方法研究了塔玛亚历山大藻对文蛤呼吸和排泄的影响.结果表明:当塔玛亚历山大藻浓度为1.0 ×103/mL时,文蛤的耗氧率和排磷率最大,其最大值分别为2.76 ×10-3 /h和0.339 μmol/(g·h);其排氨率在藻浓度为0.5 ×103 /mL时达到最大值5.71 μmol/(g·h).耗氧率与排氨率的比值(O/N)显示在较低塔玛亚历山大藻浓度(≤0.5 ×103 /mL)时,文蛤由蛋白质和脂肪提供机体能量,较高藻浓度(≥1.0 ×103 /mL)时则由脂肪和碳水化合物提供机体代谢所需能量.     

Experimental investigation of the machining induced residual stress tensor under mechanical loading

Residual stress induced by machining is complex and difficult to predict, since it involves mechanical loads, temperature gradients or phase transformation in the generation mechanism. In this work, an experiment with a statistical design for the residual stress tensor was performed to investigate the residual stress profile on a machined surface. In order to understand the generation mechanism of residual stress in machining, three variables and workpiece materials were carefully selected to focus on the mechanical loads and avoid the temperature gradients and phase transformation on the machined surface. The mechanical loads considered here included the chip formation force at the primary shear zone and the plowing force at the tool tip–workpiece contact. Depths of cut and rake angles were selected to alter the chip formation force, and the tool tip radius was designed to emphasize the plowing effect. The workpiece material was aluminum 3003. The experimental results showed that the chip formation force provides basic shapes of the residual stress profile for a machined surface. It decides the depth of the peak residual stress below the surface. However, the plowing force was the dominating effect on the surface residual stress, causing high stresses on the surface. The plowing force can shift the surface stress from tensile to compressive. Additionally, the measured stress tensor proved that in-plane shear stress exists for the machined surface.     

沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤铬污染分布及形态分析

采用Tessier A连续提取法,研究分析了沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤中重金属铬的污染分布和迁移转化规律,土壤中重金属铬的5种形态分布,主要以残渣态和碳酸盐结合态为主,分别占总量的49.74%和21.4%,而有机结合态含量最低,占总铬含量的6.25%。不同的功能区域铬的形态分布有所不同。总体的分布特征是残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态>铁猛氧化态>有机态。     

基于EPANET-MSX的多组分给水管网水质模型的开发与应用

基于EPANET-MSX工具包开发了机制性的多组分给水管网水质模型,模型将管段概化为管壁、生物膜、液膜和液相4个组成部分.模拟过程包括基质利用和微生物生长、微生物衰减和死亡、溶解性物质的液膜传质、不溶性物质的吸附和脱落、余氯与有机物的氧化和卤代反应以及管壁腐蚀消耗余氯等.模拟变量共15个,包括生物膜和液相中各7个变量,即溶解性有机物、不溶性有机物、氨氮、余氯、异养菌、自养菌和惰性颗粒,以及管壁生物膜厚度.利用管段模拟实验数据进行模型验证,模型对余氯和浊度的模拟精度分别为0.1 mg/L和0.3 NTU.案例研究的模拟结果合理地反映了给水管网中余氯和浊度的动态变化特征,而同时考虑水厂出水水质可变性和参数不确定性的Monte Carlo模拟则可用于评价案例给水管网的水质超标风险.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区大气中多溴联苯醚的污染

分别在典型电子垃圾拆解区(E)和其上风向参考点(S)采集了大气颗粒相和气相样品.以研究该区域大气中PBDEs的浓度水平、污染特征和气/固分布特点.分析过程中运用气相色谱.质谱联用仪,负化学离子源(GC-NCI-MS)检测了11种PBDEs结果表明,电子垃圾拆解造成r比较严蘑的PBDEs污染,三溴-十溴联苯醚的浓度范围为51.1～2 685 pg.m-3,(平均值830Pg.m-3),而对照区由于制衣行业的影响也造成了一定程度的PBDEs污染,三溴～十溴联苯醚的浓度范围为1.00-98.9Pg.m-3(平均值28.7 Pg.m-3).在气/固分布的研究中发现,不同的PBDEs在气相和颗粒相的分布比例相差很大,从低溴至高溴PBDEs在气相中的比例呈降低趋势,而在颗粒相中的比例呈上升趋势.电子垃圾拆解区以五溴.联苯醚污染为主,占∑11PBDEs总量的54.3%;而十溴-联苯醚污染次之,占∑11PBDEs总最的23.8%,该污染特征进一步证实了该地区电子垃圾的来源,不仅来自亚洲国家,而且还来自欧美等国家.     

Trophic transfer of mercury and methylmercury in an aquatic ecosystem impacted by municipal sewage e uents in Beijing, China

Gaobeidian Lake, located in Beijing, China, serves as a recipient lake for e uents from a large municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). In order to evaluate the e ects of discharging MSTP e uent on the mercury contamination of the local aquatic ecosystem, sediment cores, water, plankton, fish, and turtle samples were collected from Gaobeidian Lake for mercury speciation analysis. High concentrations of total mercury (T-Hg) were detected in sediment cores (5.24–17.0 g/g dry weight (dw), average: 10.1 g/g). The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to T-Hg was less than 0.3% in sediments and ranged from 35% to 76% in biota samples. The highest level of T-Hg and MeHg were found in aquatic bryophyte and crucian carp (3673 and 437 ng/g dw, respectively). The relative contents of MeHg were significantly correlated with trophic levels (R2 = 0.5506, p < 0.001), which confirmed that MeHg can be bio-transferred and biomagnified via food chain in this aquatic ecosystem.     

Optimization of parameters on photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol using TiO2 as photocatalyist by response surface methodology

The experimental design methodology was applied for modeling and optimizing the operation parameters on photocatalytic degradation of chloramphenicol (CAP) using TiO2 as photocatalyst in a photoreactor. Three experimental parameters (including pH, TiO2 concentration and CAP initial concentration) were adopted to obtain the preliminary information. The multivariate experimental design was employed to establish a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the degradation rate of CAP and three experimental parameters. The interaction e ects and optimal parameters were obtained by using Design Expert software. The optimal values of the operation parameters under the related constraint conditions were found at pH 6.4, TiO2 concentration of 0.94 g/L and CAP initial concentration of 19.97 mg/L, respectively. The degradation rate of CAP approached 85.97% under optimal conditions. The regression analysis with R2 value of 0.9519 had a good agreement between the experimental results and the predictive values. In addition, pH and TiO2 concentration had a significant influence on the degradation rate of CAP.     

微波协同活性炭催化氧化处理含酚废水的研究

在微波辐射条件下,采用活性炭处理含酚废水。结果表明微波催化氧化工艺对苯酚的处理效果明显优于单纯活性炭吸附与单纯微波辐射工艺。通过正交实验得出微波处理的最佳条件：活性炭用量1.0 g,微波功率600 W,微波时间3 min。在该条件下,选用2号活性炭对苯酚浓度为600 mg/L的模拟水样进行处理,含酚废水中的酚去除率达到67.79%。     

污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为

研究通过模拟土柱淋溶实验来研究污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明污泥土地利用会明显增加土壤中铜的总量,但大部分集中在40 cm以上的土壤中。通过BCR连续提取法发现,经淋溶后耕作层（0 cm~30 cm）土壤中的铜仍然以残渣态为主（占50%以上）,但能被植物利用的酸溶/可交换态和可还原态铜有了明显的增加。与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨（pH=4.5）会使土壤中铜的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。     

H2O2／Fe（Ⅱ）处理山梨醇废水的试验研究

对H2O2／Fe（II）处理山梨醇生产废水进行了研究。考察了过氧化氢的投加量、pH值、反应时间等对处理效率的影响。通过试验确定了废水处理的最佳条件：过氧化氢（30％）投加量为0．12mL,硫酸亚铁投加量为0．18g,pH值为3．2,处理时间为40min,温度为35℃,硫酸镁投加量为1．0g,此时CODcr去除率为81．19％。试验结果表明此法处理山梨醇生产废水,不但降低了CODcr,对氧化反应后剩余的铁离子去除效率也比较高。