厌氧反应器技术研究开发情况简介

本文分析了厌氧反应器技术的发展过程,着重介绍了几种新型第三代厌氧反应器技术的原理和应用现状,以及我国目前对这些技术的研究开展情况,其中:升流式厌氧污泥床过滤器(UBF)研究取得了一定的成功经验;垂直折流厌氧污泥床反应器(VBASBR)缺乏应用生产实例;厌氧折流反应器(ABR)已有成功经验;内循环反应器(IC)还只限于部分废水的处理;膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器(ECSB)尚未有规模的生产投入使用。     

长三角区域性PM2.5污染的空间分型及其大气环流特征研究

本文提出了一种长三角区域性PM_2.5污染日的判别方法，以出现5个、8个连片污染城市为检验阈值，分别覆盖了96%和100%的区域污染日.然后利用T-mode斜交旋转分解方法（PCT）对2015—2018年11—2月长三角地区260个区域性PM_2.5污染日进行分型，揭示了4种不同的PM_2.5的空间分布形态（整体型、西部型、西北型和东北型），其影响范围、持续时间和污染程度存在显著差异.其中，整体型污染受L型高压控制，出现日数最多（139 d）、覆盖范围最广（31个城市）、区域平均浓度最高（104.3 μg·m^-3），是影响长三角地区PM_2.5环境质量的最重要的污染类型.西部型和西北型分别受东路冷空气、西路冷空气影响，PM_2.5分别呈现"西高东低"、"北高南低"的分布形态，前者主要影响安徽大部和浙江北部，后者主要影响安徽北部和江苏西北部.东北型是长三角本地排放在弱气压场和高压中心下混合产生，主要影响江苏大部和上海，基本不受跨区域输送影响.针对不同类型的污染影响范围和程度可以采取差异化的大气污染联防联控措施.     

基于概率论和BP网络的水质评价与灰色动态预测模型

讨论了BP网络模型存在的不足。提出了建立合理的BP网络模型的基本原则和步骤。针对水质评价与预测问题。通过在各类水质污染指标浓度区间内生成随机分布样本的方法。组成足够多用于BP网络训练、检验和泛化能力评定用的样本。建立了南京市秦淮外河水体水质评价的BP网络模型：给出了区分不同类别水质的模型分界值样本和模型输出分界值。用概率分布理论分析处于相邻类别水质过渡状态水体的水质属性。建立的水质评价模型应用于实例表明。南京市秦淮外河水体1991—1996年水质为V类向IV类转变。1992年水质最差，1996年水质最好。灰色动态预测模型计算表明。从1997到2001年。南京市秦淮外河水体水质逐年变好。     

氮肥对污泥农用后土壤中重金属活性的影响

讨论了土壤中重金属活性的主要影响因素及氮肥对污泥农用后土壤中重金属的吸附—解吸、根际土壤重金属化学行为及植物吸收的影响,提出了农业生产过程中缓减和降低氮肥对土壤中重金属活性影响的措施:按规定合理施用污泥或活性污肥,提倡科学合理施用氮肥,因地制宜选择氮肥,结合改良剂施肥。     

Chemical and olfactive impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns from the simulated construction and demolition waste landfills

The explosive increase of construction and demolition waste (CDW) caused the insufficient source separation and emergency disposal at domestic waste landfills in many developing countries. Some organic fractions were introduced to the CDW landfill process and resulted in serious odor pollution. To comprehensively explore the impacts of organic matters on odor emission patterns, five CDW landfills (OIL), with organic matters/ inert CDW components (O/I) from 5% to 30%, and the control group only with inert components (IL) or organics (OL) were simulated at the laboratory. The chemical and olfactive characters of odors were evaluated using the emission rate of 94 odorants content (ER_total), theory odor concentration (TOC_total), and e-nose concentration (ER_ENC), and their correlations with waste properties were also analyzed. It was found that the main contributors to ER_total (IL: 93.0% NH₃; OIL: 41.6% sulfides, 31.0% NH₃, 25.9% oxygenated compounds) and TOC total (IL: 64.1% CH₃SH, 28.2% NH₃; OIL: 71.7% CH₃SH, 24.8% H₂S) changed significantly. With the rise of O/I, ER_total, TOC_total, and ER_ENC increased by 10.9, 20.6, and 2.1 times, respectively. And the organics content in CDW should be less than 10% (i.e., DOC<101.3 mg/L). The good regressions between waste properties (DOC, DN, pH) and ${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{ENC}}}$ (r=0.86, 0.86, -0.88, p<0.05), ${\mathrm{TOC}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$ (r=0.82, 0.79, -0.82, p<0.05) implied that the carbon sources and acidic substances relating to organics degradation might result in that increase. Besides, the correlation analysis results (${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{ENC}}}$ vs. ${\mathrm{TOC}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$, r=0.96, p<0.01; vs. ${\mathrm{ER}}_{\stackrel{?}{\mathrm{total}}}$, r=0.86, p<0.05) indicated that e-nose perhaps was a reliable odor continuous monitoring tool for CDW landfills.     

试论资源战略

本文从资源战略研究的两个相互联系的方面展开讨论,第一部分论述了资源战略评价的基本公式与三大要点,即总体评价、相关评价和潜力评价;第二部分首次提出资源战略决策的程序,包括开发利用方向、开发利用规模、开发利用布局、开发利用时序、开发利用方式和资源保护等不同层次的内容,构成资源开发决策的完整体系。全文系统地阐述了资源战略研究的中心内容和基本方法,客观地反映了资源战略研究的规律性。     

K_4锅炉改善燃煤条件消烟除尘效果显著

采用机械燃烧方式和炉膛内部改造相结合方法以及装设省煤器和除尘器等技措施，对阜阳市青峰机械厂Ｋ４锅炉进行技术改造，不仅使排放烟尘达到国家标准，而且提高了锅炉热效率．经过几年运行实践，解决了Ｋ４锅炉烟尘污染问题，该方法对于保护环境，节约能源有较大的实用价值．     

Statistical hypothesis testing formulations for U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone

Environmental regulatory standards are intended to protect human health and environmental welfare. Current standards are based on scientific and policy considerations but appear to lack rigorous statistical foundations and may have unintended regulatory consequences. We examine current and proposed U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone from the standpoint of their formulation and performance within a statistical hypothesis testing framework. We illustrate that the standards can be regarded as representing constraints on a percentile of the ozone distribution, where the percentile involved depends on the defined length of ozone season and the constraint is stricter in regions with greater variability. A hypothesis testing framework allows consideration of error rates (probability of false declaration of violation and compliance) and we show that the existing statistics on which the standards are based can be improved upon in terms of bias and variance. Our analyses also raise issues relating to network design and the possibilities of defining a regionally based standard that acknowledges and accounts for spatial and temporal variability in the ozone distribution.     

Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing, 2003

The objective of this study was to determine the black carbon concentration in Beijing in 2003. The aerosol properties were measured using an Aethalometer and a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) on the roof of the Physics Building of Peking University (39.99° N, 116.31° E) from July to August 2003 and from November 2003 to January 2004. The average black carbon (BC) concentrations in the summer and winter were 8.80 and 11.4 μg/m³, respectively. During winter, two different cyclone cut offs were installed at the inlet of an aethalometer. The BC mass concentration in TSP, PM₁₀, and PM_2.5 were obtained. The results indicated that in winter aerosol, 90% of BC exited in PM₁₀ and 82.6% of BC exited in PM_2.5. The BC in PM₁₀ accounted for 5.11% of the PM₁₀ mass.