SRT对于污水脱氮过程中N2O产生的影响

试验采用经过长期驯化,控制污泥龄分别为9d和15d的活性污泥,以实际生活污水为研究对象,考察了不同污泥龄(SRT)对污水脱氮过程中N2O的产生量和转化率的影响.结果表明N2O主要产生于污水脱氮的硝化过程中,而反硝化过程的贡献较少.较短的污泥龄有利于脱氮过程中N2O的产生,9d污泥龄的活性污泥系统产生N2O量是15d污泥龄污泥系统的1.2倍,分别为4.62mg·L-1和3.8mg·L-1.不同污泥龄条件下产生N2O的转化率也有所差别,污泥龄较短的活性污泥系统产生N2O的转化率也较高,分别为11.2%和7.8%.系统经长期在较短的污泥龄下运行,并没有影响系统的脱氮效果,两种污泥龄条件下系统的脱氮率都在96%以上.为了减少污水脱氮过程中N20的产生量,应避免污水处理系统过短的污泥龄,造成污水脱氮过程N2O的产量和转化率的大幅升高.     

温度对短程硝化反硝化的影响

以间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)处理生活污水,系统考察了温度变化对短程硝化反硝化稳定性和硝化反硝化速率的影响.结果表明:在较高哌温度下((28±1)℃),通过实时控制和控制污泥龄在lOd左右,可以成功实现短程硝化反硝化.在此基础上对完全亚硝酸型硝化的污泥(NO2--N/NOx--N≈1)进行降温实验,每降1℃稳定一个多月,半年后不刻意控制温度,经历了冬季lO℃的低温,成功的稳定了常温、低温短程硝化反硝化,亚硝化率始终维持在78.8%以上.实验发现降低温度后对于AOB和NOB的活性都有很大的影响,但对于AOB的影响要大于NOB,对比氨氧化速率的影响大于比反硝化速率的影响.26℃条件下的比氨氧化速率和比反硝化速率分别是10℃条件下的4.49和2.91倍.可见降低温度对于短程系统硝化反应的影响要大于反硝化的影响.     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.     

Degradation of carbon tetrachloride in thermally activated persulfate system in the presence of formic acid

The thermally activated persulfate (PS) degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) in the presence of formic acid (FA) was investigated. The results indicated that CT degradation followed a zero order kinetic model, and CO ₂ ^– · was responsible for the degradation of CT confirmed by radical scavenger tests. CT degradation rate increased with increasing PS or FA dosage, and the initial CT had no effect on CT degradation rate. However, the initial solution pH had effect on the degradation of CT, and the best CT degradation occurred at initial pH 6. Cl^– had a negative effect on CT degradation, and high concentration of Cl^– displayed much strong inhibition. Ten mmol·L^–1HCO ₃ ^– promoted CT degradation, while 100 mmol·L^–1NO ₃ ^– inhibited the degradation of CT, but SO ₄ ^2– promoted CT degradation in the presence of FA. The measured Cl–concentration released into solution along with CT degradation was 75.8% of the total theoretical dechlorination yield, but no chlorinated intermediates were detected. The split of C-Cl was proposed as the possible reaction pathways in CT degradation. In conclusion, this study strongly demonstrated that the thermally activated PS system in the presence of FA is a promising technique in in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) remediation for CT contaminated site.     

An interval joint-probabilistic programming method for solid waste management: a case study for the city of Tianjin, China

Currently, environmental protection and resources conservation continue to be challenges faced by solid-waste managers in China. These challenges are being further compounded by rapid socioeconomic devel- opment and population growth associated with increased waste generation rates and decreased waste disposal capacities. In response to these challenges, an interval joint-probabilistic mixed-integer programming （IJMP） method is developed for supporting long-term planning of waste management activities in the city of Tianjin, which is one of the largest municipalities in the northern part of China. In the IJMP, joint probabilistic constraints are introduced into an interval-parameter mixed-integer programming framework, such that uncertainties presented in terms of interval values and random variables can be reflected. Moreover, a number of violation levels for the waste-management-capacity constraints are examined, which can facilitate in-depth analyses of tradeoffs among economic objective and system-failure risk. The results indicate that reasonable solutions have been generated. They are valuable for supporting the adjustment of the city＇s existing waste-management practices and the long- term planning of the city＇s waste-management facilities.     

纳米材料诱导细胞自噬及其"双刃剑"作用

细胞自噬是细胞维持自身稳态的关键生物学过程。近年来,纳米材料诱发的细胞自噬效应及其生物学结局受到了研究人员的高度关注,成为纳米医学和纳米毒理学的重要研究方向。一方面,纳米材料诱发的自噬效应可作为纳米药物发挥治疗作用的重要过程,另一方面,其诱发的自噬效应也可成为纳米材料诱发细胞死亡和机体损伤的重要原因。本文重点阐述纳米材料诱导自噬发生的过程及相关机制,进一步探讨纳米材料诱导自噬的不同结局、机制和影响因素,以期为深入认识纳米材料自噬效应并对其进行毒理学评价提供科学依据。     

海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫的种群遗传分化和亲缘地理过程

为了解海南岛及邻近陆地拟细鲫(Aphyocypris normalis)的遗传分化和亲缘地理过程,采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)对9个种群共124个个体的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行评估,并探讨这一物种的亲缘地理结构及演化历史.结果显示,在1 140 bp的序列中,共检测到87个核苷酸变异位点,定义了34个单倍型.基于Cyt b序列构建的系统发育树结果将所有个体分成3个主要谱系(A、B、C),谱系A包括海南岛大部分种群和邻近陆地全部种群,昌化江全部个体形成独立的谱系B,谱系C则为海南岛万泉河上安乡全部个体,各谱系间的遗传分化指数较高(0.707 5-0.971 9).分化时间估算的结果表明,谱系C的分化时间为2.038百万年前,谱系B的分化时间为0.865百万年前.种群历史动态分析表明,绝大部分种群均没有发生种群扩张,且所有谱系在近期都发生过有效种群数量减小的事件.根据研究结果推测,海南岛内万泉河上安乡种群的分化主要是由于五指山鹦哥岭山脉的隆起而导致的,而海南岛内和邻近陆地大部分群体没有发生分化可能是由于更新世冰期期间,岛屿和邻近陆地之间的水系因海平面下降而发生连接,琼州海峡两岸的拟细鲫种群有机会发生基因交流.因此认为琼州海峡并未对拟细鲫的扩散起到物理阻隔作用,海南岛为拟细鲫这一物种的起源扩散中心.(图4表6参48)     

基于SEBAL模型的赤峰市植被修复下林草蒸散耗水特征

水是制约干旱半干旱地区实现可持续发展的关键因素,维持降水与蒸散发的平衡是开展植被修复工程时需要着重考量的因素.利用陆面地表平衡算法（Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land,SEBAL）模型反演了2000年、2008年、2016年赤峰市全域及森林与草地生态系统的实际蒸散发,通过参考蒸散比不变法与日气象数据将反演结果扩展至日尺度,累加得到月际与生长季尺度的实际蒸散发;结合降水变化,分析植被修复工程开展后赤峰市实际蒸散发的时空变化特征与水分盈亏状况.结果表明:①2000年、2008年、2016年赤峰市生长季的实际蒸散量分别为440.86、452.76、474.34 mm,呈增加趋势,蒸散发高值区（>400 mm）由北向南扩增.②2016年生长季森林分布区的耗水量比2000年增加了27.69×108 t,水分亏缺量增加了8.03×108 t,表明过度造林会使森林生态系统遭受严重的干旱胁迫.③一个生长季内,草地生态系统蒸散量的增幅远低于森林生态系统,1 m2草地生态系统的耗水量比森林生态系统少0.18 t.研究显示,在降水量低于300 mm的区域,草地生态系统面临较轻的干旱,且部分区域可以实现水分平衡.为了维持区域水资源存量,建议赤峰市在今后的植被修复工作中,对于降水量低于300 mm的区域以草本修复为主.      

Optimization of phosphorus removal in uniFed SBR system for domestic wastewater treatment

The characteristic of phosphorus removal and appropriate change of the traditional operation modes were investigated in UniFed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) laboratory-scale apparatus (40 L), treating actual domestic wastewater with low ratios of C/N (2.57) and C/P (30.18), providing theoretical basis for actual application of wastewater treatment plant. UniFed SBR system with its unique operation mode had the distinct superiority of phosphorus removal. On this occasion, the effect of volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and the method of influent introduction for phosphorus removal were studied. When the carbon source became the limiting factor to phosphorus release, the higher the VER, the lower the phosphorus concentration in the effluent. Three different influent patterns, including one-time filling, four-time filling, and continuous filling with the same quantity of wastewater could increase the release rate of anaerobic phosphorus from 0.082 to 0.143 mg·P·(L·min)^-1. Appropriate change of the traditional operation modes could optimize the efficiency of phosphorus removal. When the feed/ decant time was extended from 2 h to 4 h, the phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 59.93% to 88.45% without any external carbon source. In the mode of alternation of anoxic-aerobic (A/O) condition, phosphorous removal efficiency increased from 55.07% to 72.27% clearly. The carbon source in the influent can be used adequately, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was carried out in anoxic stage 2 (A2). This mode was optimal for the treatment of actual domestic wastewater with low C/N and C/P ratios.     

流量分配对短程生物脱氮过程中N2O产生的影响

利用SBR反应器,通过在线pH曲线控制好氧-缺氧反应时间,成功实现了短程生物脱氮,并考察了分段进水条件下流量分配对SBR反应器运行性能及N2O产量的影响.结果表明,与原水分2次在不同阶段等量加入反应器的二段进水方式相比,原水分3次等量进入反应器的三段进水方式能够有效降低脱氮过程中外碳源投加量和氧化亚氮产量;氧化亚氮主要产生于硝化过程,反硝化过程能够将硝化阶段积累的N2O还原至N2.2次、3次等量进水条件下,生物短程脱氮过程中乙醇投加量分别为0.8和0.6 mL,N2O释放量分别为8.86和5.05 mg·L-1(以N计).硝化过程中NO-2-N的积累是导致系统N2O产生的主要原因.