峡山地不同垂直带土壤层的水文功能及其影响因子

渗透性能和持水能力是土壤重要的水力学性质，是土壤调节径流、保持水土和涵养水源等水文功能的基础。以三峡库首的夷陵-大老岭山地为对象，采集亚高山棕壤针叶林地、中山黄棕壤针阔混交林与茶园地和低山黄壤针叶林地等4个样点剖面的土壤样品，在室内进行土壤饱和导水率、水分特征曲线和理化性质测定，量化了不同样地土壤渗透性能、持水能力和水分库容等水文功能参数，并明确了其主要影响因子。结果表明: 研究区山地土壤饱和导水率在0.06～14.78 mm/min之间，亚高山棕壤和中山黄棕壤林地土壤渗透性能较好，其平均饱和导水率在7.15～14.78 mm/ min之间，低山黄壤次之（1.3 9 mm/min），中山黄棕壤茶园土壤渗透能力最差（1.17 mm/min）。不同类型土壤的饱和含水量、毛管含水量、田间持水量存在较大差异，凋萎含水量差异较小。同一类型土壤的不同发生层内，土壤饱和含水量随土壤深度的增加而递减，毛管持水量和田间持水量随土层深度的增加波动上升。不同样地间土壤水分总库容差异较大，随着海拔的升高，土壤水分总库容增加。土壤水分特征参数与土壤性质的相关分析表明，饱和导水率与土壤总孔隙度呈显著正相关，与容重呈显著负相关；饱和含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均与土壤总孔隙度、粘粒含量呈显著性正相关，与容重呈显著负相关；饱和含水量与根系重量呈显著正相关；毛管持水量、田间持水量与砂粒含量呈显著负相关。与中山茶园地和低山黄壤林地相比，亚高山棕壤和中山黄棕壤林地渗透性能较好且持水性更强，具有更好的调蓄径流和涵养水源的水文功能。 关键词： 山地土壤；土壤孔隙度；饱和导水率；持水能力；三峡库区     

三峡水库蓄水期不同调度方案对洞庭湖出口水位的影响

洞庭湖水情受到长江和四水的综合影响，因此三峡水库蓄水运行必将对洞庭湖出口水位产生影响。通过构建模型对洞庭湖出口的水位过程进行模拟，以三峡出库日均流量、洞庭湖四水合成日均流量为输入，城陵矶站日水位过程为输出，以量化和分析城陵矶水位变化受三峡水库调度的影响。通过三峡入库流量代替出库流量，还原自然状态下的水位过程，并根据各调度方案计算的出库流量模拟各调度方案下城陵矶的水位变化过程。对比各调度方案下三峡水库蓄泄水对洞庭湖出口水位的影响可以发现：各蓄水方案对洞庭湖出口水位都造成了一定的影响，起蓄时间较早的方案影响时间较长，整体上平均水位变化也较大，但起蓄后水位变化较为平缓；起蓄时间较晚的方案影响时间较短，整体上平均水位变化相对较小，但起蓄后水位变化较为剧烈。考虑到不同年份和不同来水类型情况对洞庭湖出口水位的影响存在差异，各蓄水方案的优劣需要具体分析和讨论     

Comparisons of three plant species in accumulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Plant leaves play a key role in the accumulation of PAHs, as they are able to capture PAHs from the air. In this paper, the mechanism, including...     

红壤和磷灰石对沉积物重金属稳定化的影响

利用磷灰石、红壤及两者复配组合对污染沉积物中重金属进行稳定化处理,通过TCLP和改进的BCR连续提取法对稳定化效果进行分析和评价。结果表明,在稳定化试验中,对Cu、Cd和Zn的稳定效果由大到小为红壤+磷灰石、磷灰石、红壤;其中,红壤+磷灰石对Pb的稳定效果与磷灰石单独添加相近,显著大于红壤。5%磷灰石+5%红壤添加3个月后,Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的稳定效率分别达到59.83%、29.43%、31.00%、96.06%。添加5%磷灰石时,Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的稳定效率分别为52.46%、24.67%、25.23%、96.06%。红壤的添加不同程度地促进了磷灰石对Cu、Cd和Zn的稳定效率。连续提取试验结果表明.磷灰石单独和复配添加均使Cu、Zn和Pb的生物可利用态和潜在生物可利用态占比降低,生物不可利用态占比增大。5%磷灰石+5%红壤处理中,Cu、Cd、Zn和Ph的生物可利用态和潜在生物可利用态的比例总和分别降低了19.31%、5.11%、20.11%和68.97%。相比磷灰石单独处理,复配处理进一步促进了Cd和Zn的酸溶态向残渣态转化。磷灰石和红壤+磷灰石复配处理能有效降低沉积物中重金属的危害。     

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil experimentally contaminated with Pb,Cd, Cu and Zn together and effects on soil negative surface charge

Speciation and fractionation of heavy metals in soil subsamples experimentally loaded with Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in orthogonal design was investigated by sequential extraction, and operationally defined as water-soluble and exchangeable(SE), weakly specific adsorbed( WSA),Fe and Mn oxides-bound(OX) and organic-bound( ORG). The results showed that fractions of heavy metals in the soil subsamples depended on their speciation. About 90% of Cd and 75% of Zn existed in soil subsamples in the SE fraction. Lead and Cu existed in soil subsamples as SE, WSA and OX fractions simultaneously, although SE was still the major fraction. Organic-bound heavy metals were not clearly apparent in all the soil subsamples. The concentration of some heavy metal fractions in soil subsamples showed the good correlation with ionic impulsion of soil, especially for the SE fraction. Continuous saturation of soil subsamples with 0.20 mol/L NH4CI, which is the first step for determination of the negative surface charge of soil by the ion retention method, resulted in desorption of certain heavy metals from the soil. It was found that the percentage desorption of heavy metals from soil subsamples depended greatly on pH, the composition and original heavy metal content of the soil subsamples. However, most of the heavy metals in the soil subsamples were still be retained after multiple saturation. Compared with the parent soil, the negative surface charge of soil subsamples loaded with heavy metals did not show difference significantly from that of the parent one by statistical analysis. Heavy metals existed in the soil subsamples mainly as exchangeable and precipitated simultaneously.     

循环流化床锅炉脱硫效率分析及监测实例

分析总结了循环流化床（CFB）锅炉的脱硫机理以及影响其脱硫效率的各种因素,对某燃煤热电厂和某生物质环保热电厂的循环流化床锅炉脱硫效果（加石灰石前后二氧化硫的排放情况）进行了实测,结果表明：采用循环流化床添加石灰石炉内脱硫后的烟气排放完全满足中国相关排放标准的要求。通过加强对循环流化床锅炉运行的管理,可具有广阔的应用前景。     

Does hedgerow management on organic farms benefit small mammal populations?

Organic farming is a whole-farm management approach believed to encourage biodiversity by excluding the input of agrochemicals and introducing specific management regimes for non-crop habitats. We examined the impact of the hedgerow management regime encouraged for organic farms on small mammal populations, since small mammal numbers influence a range of species at higher trophic levels and, in particular, are key to the conservation of a range of mammalian and avian predators. We compared differences in management and structure of non-crop habitats at the farm-scale between organic and conventional farms, and used within-farm variations in hedgerow size to predict the effect of hedgerow size on small mammals on both farm types. There were no significant differences in the proportion of non-crop habitats between organic and conventional farms, although management differences produced larger hedgerows on organic farms and greater diversity of hedgerow growth stages. However, a difference in hedgerow size between the farm types did not have a significant effect on small mammal abundance or diversity. We conclude that increased hedgerow size is not benefiting small mammal populations on organic farms: significant gains in small mammal numbers may be more effectively achieved by increasing the area of non-crop habitats rather than by improving management regimes.     

铁铜内电解-膨润土组合工艺处理含铬废水

研究利用铁铜内电解工艺和膨润土吸附的联合作用,对含铬废水进行处理。含铬模拟废水首先经过铁铜内电解法装置,该出水再经膨润土吸附,以达到去除效果。并考察此组合工艺的各种影响因素。结果表明:(1)铁铜内电解预处理确定最佳反应参数为:铁铜用量之比为8:1,反应时间为100 min,pH值为3.0;(2)膨润土最佳吸附条件为:膨润土用量为2 g/l,反应时间为20 min;(3)在最佳反应条件下,对初始浓度分别为30 mg/l和60 mg/l的实际制革废水中的铬进行了处理,都取得较好的去除效果,其Cr(VI)去除率分别为99.54%和99.32%。     

Electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by lactic acid enhancement in the catholyte

The electrokinetic removal of chromium and copper from contaminated soils by adding lactic acid in cathode chamber as an enhancing reagent was evaluated. Two sets of duplicate experiments with chromium contaminated kaolinite and with a silty soil sampled from a supeffund site in Califomia of USA and polluted by Cr and Cu, were carried out in a constant current mode. Changes of soil water content and soil pH before and after the electrokinetic experiments, and variations of voltage drop and electroosmosis flow during the treatments were examined. The results indicated that Cr, spiked as Cr(Ⅵ) in the kaolinite, was accumulated mainly in the anode chamber, and some of Cr and metal hydroxides precipitated in the soil sections in contact with the cathode, which significantly increased electrical energy consumption. Treatment of the soil collected from the site showed accumulation of large amounts of Cr and Cu in the anode chamber while none was detected in the cathode one. The results suggested that the two metals either complexed with the injected lactic acid at the cathode or existed as negatively charged complex, and electromigrated toward the anode under a voltage gradient.     

改良西门子工艺生产多晶硅的安全问题

本文结合我国多晶硅行业的实际情况,针对改良西门子工艺的特点,对多晶硅生产过程中涉及的危险有害物质和危险有害因素进行了系统全面的分析,并提出了合理可行的安全对策和建议。