中国电力行业的全周期碳足迹

在碳达峰与碳中和目标下,国家层面与各省份均在积极推动碳减排。电力行业作为我国最大的排放部门成为减排重点之一,然而电力行业存在的隐含碳排放造成实际排放低估,省际间碳转移导致省级碳减排不公平问题突出。因此识别电力行业全周期碳足迹,尤其是不同省份的隐含碳足迹以及省际间的转移碳足迹特征,有助于正确评估电力行业碳排放,科学界定不同省份的碳减排责任并合理分配。通过构建电力行业全周期点-流模型以揭示电力产业链中存在的能源活动,进而明确基于用电侧考虑的2018年全周期碳足迹,并刻画碳隐含度与碳转移依赖度指标来分析电力行业的隐含碳排放与省间转移碳排放。研究表明:(1)我国电力行业全周期碳排放系数为689 g/(kW·h),排放量为4.747×10⁹t,其中北方大部分地区排放系数偏高,山东最高达891 g/(kW·h),南方地区偏低,云南最低仅101 g/(kW·h)。(2)全国电力行业全周期碳隐含度为8.95%,东南沿海贫煤省与煤炭生产高排放省的碳隐含度偏高,贵州最高达14.63%,西北、华北富煤省的碳隐含度偏低,新疆最低仅4.94%;全国隐含碳排放量为4.25×10⁸t,广东隐含碳排放量最高达5.0×10⁷t,青海最低仅1.17×10⁶t。(3)全国电力行业全周期碳转移量为9.26×10⁸t,约占排放总量的19.5%,电力与煤炭自给率越低的省区对外碳转移依赖度越高,其中北京最高达71.24%;内蒙古、山西、陕西、宁夏、安徽、新疆、贵州是主要碳转入省,总转入7.11×10⁸t,其中内蒙古最高达2.64×10⁸t;江苏、浙江、广东、山东、河北、北京、辽宁、河南、上海是主要碳转出省,总转出6.92×108t,其中江苏最高达1.12×10⁸t;全国共有240对省存在碳转移,其中有102对的转移量超过1.0×10⁶t。在研究基础上,提出相应建议推动省级电力行业公平合理低碳发展。     

Rapid and long-effective removal of broad-spectrum pollutants from aqueous system by ZVI/oxidants

• The coupling of oxidants with ZVI overcome the impedance of ZVI passive layer. • ZVI/oxidants system achieved fast and long-effective removal of contaminants. • Multiple mechanisms are involved in contaminants removal by ZVI/oxidant system. • ZVI/Oxidants did not change the reducing property of ORP in the fixed-bed system. Zero-valent iron (ZVI) technology has recently gained significant interest in the efficient sequestration of a wide variety of contaminants. However, surface passivation of ZVI because of its intrinsic passive layer would lead to the inferior reactivity of ZVI and its lower efficacy in contaminant removal. Therefore, to activate the ZVI surface cheaply, continuously, and efficiently is an important challenge that ZVI technology must overcome before its wide-scale application. To date, several physical and chemical approaches have been extensively applied to increase the reactivity of the ZVI surface toward the elimination of broad-spectrum pollutants. Nevertheless, these techniques have several limitations such as low efficacy, narrow working pH, eco-toxicity, and high installation cost. The objective of this mini-review paper is to identify the critical role of oxygen in determining the reactivity of ZVI toward contaminant removal. Subsequently, the effect of three typical oxidants (H₂O₂, KMnO₄, and NaClO) on broad-spectrum contaminants removal by ZVI has been documented and discussed. The reaction mechanism and sequestration efficacies of the ZVI/oxidant system were evaluated and reviewed. The technical basis of the ZVI/oxidant approach is based on the half-reaction of the cathodic reduction of the oxidants. The oxidants commonly used in the water treatment industry, i.e., NaClO, O₃, and H₂O₂, can be served as an ideal coupling electron receptor. With the combination of these oxidants, the surface corrosion of ZVI can be continuously driven. The ZVI/oxidants technology has been compared with other conventional technologies and conclusions have been drawn.     

A modified cyanobacteria prediction model based on cellular automata model using N and P concentration reverse data: a case study in Taihu Lake

The problem of algal bloom caused by eutrophication has attracted global attention. Many scholars have studied the problem associated with algae bloom, but few have carried out dynamic monitoring, instead focusing on the formation mechanism of cyanobacteria. For our study of the Taihu Lake in China, we used Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat remote sensing image data from 2017 to establish a prediction model. First, we used MODIS data to retrieve the concentration of N, P, and chlorophyll a in water. Then, we applied the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model to the inversion results to construct the diffusion potential index. Finally, we used C# to compile the cellular automata (CA) model. We found that the distribution of cyanobacteria predicted by our method was consistent with the algal bloom situation of Taihu Lake in 2017. The results showed that the method effectively predicts the dynamic transfer of cyanobacteria from outbreak to diffusion in a short period of time, which can help decision-makers monitor lake health.

     

电气石负载聚氨酯泡沫作为生物载体强化2,4,6-三氯酚还原

2,4,6-三氯酚在环境中广泛分布,是典型的持久性有机污染物.脱卤呼吸菌能还原分解氯酚,使其毒性大大降低,继而被其他微生物氧化分解并矿化.然而脱卤呼吸菌在自然环境中丰度较低,代谢速率慢,对电子利用能力较差,因此传统的生物添加或生物激活等原位修复方法往往导致效能受限,可应用性差.本研究驯化富集了具有稳定厌氧还原脱氯2,4,6-三氯酚能力的混合菌群,在添加乙酸钠（5 mmol·L^-1）和氢气（10 mL）的情况下,在6 d内将2,4,6-三氯酚还原脱卤为4-氯酚.研究采用聚氨酯泡沫作为生物载体材料,在聚氨酯泡沫表面负载电气石,发现在无氢气额外添加的情况下,2,4,6-三氯酚的还原脱氯速率提高了6倍,且脱卤性能稳定.对强化后混菌的群落结构及潜在核心脱氯功能菌属进行分析,16S rRNA测序鉴定结果表明假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）在混合菌群中的占比超过90%,为体系中的核心脱氯功能菌.本研究为地下水中还原脱卤菌群的应用提供了理论技术.     

美国化学品管理政策变化值得关注

欧盟“化学品注册、评估、授权与限制（REACH）法规”的出台,刺激美国环保人士和国会民主党议员开展了一系列改革美国现行化学品管理政策的活动。奥巴马新政府上台前后,一贯反对改革美国现行化学品管理政策的美国化工界的立场,发生了变化,美国出现了即将对现行化学品管理政策做重大修订的前景。这一变化的动向值得关注和借鉴。     

墨西哥湾“深水地平线”钻井平台事故分析与反思

对美国墨西哥湾“深水地平线”钻井平台爆炸事故进行了原因分析,总结了事故的经验教训,并从技术、管理、应急救援体系、技术研发4个方面为中国石化提出了预防类似事故的建议措施。