Key features of new particle formation events at background sites in China and their influence on cloud condensation nuclei

New particle formation (NPF) event at multi rural sites in China Identifying the characteristics of NPF event Comparing NPF event between clean and polluted conditions Quantifying contribution to the cloud condensation nuclei Implication of climate and air quality Long-term continuous measurements of particle number size distributions with mobility diameter sizes ranging from 3 to 800 nm were performed to study new particle formation (NPF) events at Shangdianzi (SDZ), Mt. Tai (TS), and Lin’an (LAN) stations representing the background atmospheric conditions in the North China Plain (NCP), Central East China (CEC), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions, respectively. The mean formation rate of 3-nm particles was 6.3, 3.7, and 5.8 cm⁻³·s⁻¹, and the mean particle growth rate was 3.6, 6.0, and 6.2 nm·h⁻¹ at SDZ, TS, and LAN, respectively. The NPF event characteristics at the three sites indicate that there may be a stronger source of low volatile vapors and higher condensational sink of pre-existing particles in the YRD region. The formation rate of NPF events at these sites, as well as the condensation sink, is approximately 10 times higher than some results reported at rural/urban sites in western countries. However, the growth rates appear to be 1–2 times higher. Approximately 12%–17% of all NPF events with nucleated particles grow to a climate-relevant size (>50 nm). These kinds of NPF events were normally observed with higher growth rate than the other NPF cases. Generally, the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration can be enhanced by approximately a factor of 2–6 on these event days. The mean value of the enhancement factor is lowest at LAN (2–3) and highest at SDZ (~4). NPF events have also been found to have greater impact on CCN production in China at the regional scale than in the other background sites worldwide.     

Photochemical indicators of ozone sensitivity: application in the Pearl River Delta,China

Surface O₃ production has a highly nonlinear relationship with its precursors. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of O₃-NO _x -VOC-sensitivity regimes complicates the control-decision making. In this paper, the indicator method was used to establish the relationship between O₃ sensitivity and assessment indicators. Six popular ratios indicating ozone-precursor sensitivity, HCHO/NO _y , H₂O₂/ HNO₃, O₃/NO _y , O₃/NO _z , O₃/HNO₃, and H₂O₂/NO _z , were evaluated based on the distribution of NO_x- and VOC-sensitive regimes. WRF-Chem was used to study a serious ozone episode in fall over the Pearl River Delta (PRD). It was found that the south-west of the PRD is characterized by a VOCsensitive regime, while its north-east is NO _x -sensitive, with a sharp transition area between the two regimes. All indicators produced good representations of the elevated ozone hours in the episode on 6 November 2009, with H₂O₂/HNO₃ being the best indicator. The threshold sensitivity levels for HCHO/NO_y, H₂O₂/HNO₃, O₃/NO _y , O₃/NO _z , O₃/HNO₃, and H₂O₂/NO _z were estimated to be 0.41, 0.55, 10.2, 14.0, 19.1, and 0.38, respectively. Threshold intervals for the indicators H₂O₂/HNO₃, O₃/NO _y , O₃/NO _z , O₃/HNO₃, and H₂O₂/NO _z were able to identify more than 95% of VOC- and NO _x -sensitive grids. The ozone episode on 16 November 16 2008 was used to independently verify the results, and it was found that only H₂O₂/HNO₃ and H₂O₂/NO _z were able to differentiate the ozone sensitivity regime well. Hence, these two ratios are suggested as the most appropriate indicators for identifying fall ozone sensitivity in the PRD. Since the species used for indicators have seasonal variation, the utility of those indicators for other seasons should be investigated in the future work.

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生活污水为主要补给源的城郊排水沟渠氮磷滞留特征

为揭示生活污水补给影响下排水沟渠氮、磷滞留特征,以合肥市城郊结合部的关镇河支渠为对象,以NH₄Cl和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,以NaCl为保守型示踪剂,开展5次现场示踪试验. 在此基础上,利用OTIS(one-dimensional transport with inflow and storage)模型估算D(扩散系数)、A(渠道过水断面面积)、A_s(暂态存储区断面面积)、α(暂态存储交换系数)、λ(主流区溶质一阶吸收系数)和λ_s(暂态存储区吸收系数);并利用营养螺旋原理,计算营养盐的S_w(吸收长度)、V_f(吸收速度)和U(吸收速率)等. 结果表明:①A_s/A具有随流量减小而增大的变化特征,平均值为0.35;5次试验得到的α均处在10-3数量级水平,平均值为2.49×10-3 s-1. ②S_w-NH₄和S_w-PO₄(分别表示NH₄-N和PO₄-P的S_w,下同)均较大,最大值分别达934 020、47 518 m,意味着关镇河支渠已基本不具备氮、磷滞留能力;而S_w-NH₄和S_w-PO₄均不同程度地出现负值,表明该支渠还具有“源”的作用. ③V_f-NH₄与河水平均深度、渠道流量均呈显著负相关,V_f-PO₄和U-PO₄与渠道水面宽度均呈显著正相关. ④NH₄-N和PO₄-P的营养螺旋指标与其相应质量浓度背景值无明显相关性.      

线性工程切割耕地的权属调整方法及系统实现——以保阜高速顺平段沿线土地整治项目为例

论文以高速公路切割的耕地地块为研究对象,根据权属调整的不同方向,将权属调整分为所有权置换和使用权流转两种类型,并将权属调整的方法分为面积法和价值法;在GIS服务软件SuperMap iServer支持下,建立了一个交互式权属调整应用系统,以保阜高速顺平段沿线的高于铺镇、腰山镇土地整治项目区中的切割耕地为案例,应用系统生成了项目区高速公路沿线切割耕地的权属调整方案。研究结果表明,线性工程切割耕地需进行权属调整以保障农业生产,研究采用的权属调整方法符合当地实际情况,利用权属调整系统可以自动生成推荐权属调整方案,并可以根据用户需求进行调整,同时系统可以对权属调整相关数据进行动态管理。     

日用塑料制品中PBDEs的污染特征及其人体健康暴露风险

采用气相色谱/质谱联用仪和健康风险评价模型,研究了北京居民日常接触的典型日用塑料制品中PBDEs(多溴二苯醚)的赋存特征及其人体健康暴露风险. 结果表明:①塑料盆、垃圾桶、塑料垫、塑料板凳、拖把、热水壶壳、给水管、采暖管、排水管、拖鞋、收纳箱、文件框等12种日用塑料制品中w(∑₂₁PBDEs)为0.45~21.30 mg/kg,平均值为5.98 mg/kg. ②日用塑料制品中十溴二苯醚是主要的PBDEs同系物,w(十溴二苯醚)平均占w(∑₂₁PBDEs)的82.51%; 九溴二苯醚是次要PBDEs同系物,平均占9.76%;三溴~六溴二苯醚质量分数较低,平均占1.77%,日用塑料制品生产过程中添加含十溴二苯醚的废弃阻燃塑料是引起PBDEs污染的主要原因. ③成人通过呼吸吸入、皮肤接触和手-口3种途径摄入的PBDEs暴露量分别为295.77、44.29、0.00 pg/(kg·d),儿童通过3种途径的PBDEs暴露量分别为769.55、40.83、1.91 pg/(kg·d)表明呼吸吸入是主要暴露途径. ④日用塑料制品中PBDEs对成人和儿童的释放暴露非致癌危害熵分别为2.28×10-4和5.46×10-4,低于美国标准中可接受风险熵(1.0),表明日用塑料制品中PBDEs对人体的健康风险影响很小.      

我国北方农村生活燃煤情况调查、排放估算及政策启示

北方重灰霾频发时段与集中燃煤在冬季高度重合,引发了对农村散煤严重污染的担忧,但缺乏有力的统计数据支持. 2014年9月,在河北保定开展了当地农村生活能源使用情况入村调查,共获得5个村庄中543户家庭的能源使用数据. 结果表明:①保定农村地区散煤、电、液化气的使用覆盖率均很高,分别达到97%、100%和94%,反映了当前农村居民的能源消费更倾向于商业购置;而木柴和秸杆的使用覆盖率则较低,分别为13%和11%,表明传统的依赖于木柴和秸杆的能源方式已发生了根本改变. ②目前煤炭在农村能源结构中仍居主导地位,占近80%(其中散煤占76%,蜂窝煤占2%),其次为电力(10%)、液化气(5%),秸杆和木柴的比例(小于5%)均较低. ③调查估算,保定农村地区在2013年冬季采暖季(2013年11月─2014年3月)散煤用量超过500×104 t,高于《中国能源统计年鉴(2013)》中河北全省2012年农村散煤的用量(467×104 t),表明现有能源统计体系有待进一步完善. ④保定农村地区散煤的烟粉尘(即PM)和SO₂排放量分别为5.4×104和11.2×104 t,均超过了《中国环境统计年报(2013)》中保定的工业废气和城镇生活领域相应的排放量(甚至超过2个领域排放量之和),表明农村散煤燃烧的排放问题确应引起特别关注.由于农村散煤燃烧排放高度较低,其单位排放对空气污染的贡献要远高于高架源排放,因此,建议国家和地方将农村能源结构调整置于当前能源结构调整计划的最优先领域,采取综合措施,消除农村散煤使用的污染排放,这可能是应对当前冬季灰霾问题的关键举措之一.      

Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.     

几种氨氮吸附剂的对比实验研究

为给人工快速渗滤系统提供可行的填料,研究了煅烧贝壳、沸石、麦饭石、蛭石、中砂和细砂对氨氮的吸附效果。实验采用100 mg／L的氯化铵溶液作为初始溶液,结果表明,6种填料均具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的吸附特点。经过11 h的吸附,煅烧后的贝壳对于氨氮的吸附量为0．993 mg／g。各个氨氮初始浓度梯次下,沸石的最大吸附量均超过其它5种填料,具有明显的氨氮吸附效果。     

隧道半横向排烟模式下不同排烟口分布的温度场数值模拟研究

结合某过江盾构隧道,基于三维流体动力学模拟仿真软件平台,建立三维仿真模型,研究火灾发生在隧道盾构段典型区段时,排烟开口在火源上下游不同的分布模式时烟气层的温度场分布。通过分析模拟结果可知:随着火源上游排烟开口逐步增加,火源上游烟气逆流长度和蔓延速度都相对稳定而后又逐步增长,火源下游的烟气蔓延长度先减小而后又基本趋于稳定,下游烟气沉降高度则有所升高;火源位置处正上方温度则随着上游排烟开口的个数逐步增加而逐渐升高。而从其他的排烟开口变化模式模拟结果可知:随着排烟开口面积或者开口间距的逐步增大,烟气蔓延的速度先增加而后又逐步减小,且开口间距为30m左右时烟气蔓延速度相对较慢;排烟开口宽高比对烟气蔓延影响较小。所获得的结论将有助于相关类型工程的设计和管理。     

基于热风险理论对道化学评价中物质系数的研究

随着本质安全研究的深入,道化学评价方法中物质系数MF的计算已不能准确描述反应物本身的热风险大小。在道化学评价方法中引入热风险概念,比较热危险性评价方法和道化学评价方法间相异点;以六甲基磷酰三胺工艺为研究对象,用DSC量热仪对反应物进行分析得出放热速率q、反应波峰峰值、单位质量的反应焓Hr,对采集的工艺参数用热力学理论外推法、基因贡献法得出活化能E、比热容CP并以此求出最大反应失效时间TMRad、绝热温升Qad、物质系数MF值以及工艺单元中物料量。得出最大反应失效时间与物质系数MF间具有相关性,道化学评价方法对因失效反应引发二次反应的热风险评估也适用。