北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源

为了解北京大气细粒子中微量元素的污染水平和来源,在车公庄和清华园进行了连续1年、每周1次的PM2.5采样和全样品分析.微量元素浓度的周变化大,尤以冬季为甚,相邻2周最大相差达1.6倍;但除冬季的平均浓度较高之外,其季节变化并不显著.微量元素的富集因子在春季最低,反映了频繁发生的沙尘天气的影响.Se、Br和Pb的浓度比来自于北京A层土壤中的含量要高出约1000～8000倍,表明它们主要来自于人为污染.其中Se的富集度最高,反映了北京细粒子来自于燃煤污染的特征.Pb的年均浓度(0.31μg@m-3)虽然未超过WHO的年均标准,但与洛杉矶和布里斯班相比处于较高的水平;与Br、Se的比较分析表明,燃煤可能是Pb除机动车排放之外的另一个重要来源.     

小城镇污水处理研究

随着小城镇经济的发展，对周边地区的环境污染也在加剧。一些小城镇的水处理设施落后，缺乏污水处理的资金，造成一些小城镇面临越来越严重的水污染问题。在此前提下，采用人工湿地系统对小城镇污水进行处理，可以发挥资源的生产潜力．防止环境的再污染，可获得污水处理与资源化的最佳效益，具有较高的环境效益、经济效益及社会效益。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from a constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment

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火力发电厂粉煤灰干燥特性研究

介绍了利用实验台对粉煤灰的干燥特性进行试验研究的情况 ,给出了粉煤灰的干燥曲线、干燥速率曲线和粉煤灰平衡湿含量计算式 ,分析了在干燥过程中粉煤灰的阻力特性 ,为粉煤灰干燥装置的工业化设计提供了理论依据     

A factor analysis of residents’ performance in municipal solid waste source-separated collection: A case study of pilot cities in China

To explore the potential effectiveness of a localized waste recycling system in Chinese cities, several rounds of a municipal solid waste source-separated collection (MSWSC) program were implemented throughout China from 2000 to 2017. In our study, to evaluate the achievements of the MSWSC program, a structured questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were conducted in eight representative cities from the MSWSC pilot cities. Influencing factors were examined via a Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) on both the individual level and the city level. The differences in MSWSC performance among the eight research cities were investigated through a comparative analysis. The results suggested that gender, age, knowledge of MSWSC, satisfaction with sanitation and satisfaction with publicity had significant impacts on MSWSC, and we further found that the city-level factors influenced the relationship between MSWSC performance and the individual-level variables. Differences among the eight research sites indicated that Nanjing and Hangzhou exhibited relatively high achievements in the implementation of MSWSC program, while Yichun and Guiyang showed poor performance. The experiences of these advanced pilot cities suggest that specific containers for designated waste types, widespread public education, and sufficient MSWSC incentives must be provided and publicized to promote municipal solid waste recycling behaviors. Given the unique status of municipal solid waste management in China and its regional heterogeneity, the MSWSC system should be further discussed with regard to local conditions in a wider range of city settings.

Implications: This study attempts to discuss the factors affecting performance on municipal solid waste source-separated collection (MSWSC) by considering the nested data of two levels of individual and city from a structured questionnaire survey. Therefore, a Hierarchical Linear Model is established which can analyze the intra-group and inter-group effects of two-level variables. The proposed method can be expanded to other cities to determine the main factors affecting MSWSC or to evaluate the residents’ performance on MSWSC.     

大伙房水库生态系统动态变化遥感分析

在2000年、2005年和2010年遥感数据支持下,通过对生态系统类型的辨识,获得大伙房水库饮用水源保护区生态系统类型数据,并从生态系统组成、变化及变化特征3个方面对其进行深入分析。结果表明:近10年来,大伙房水库饮用水保护区内森林和水体与湿地减少,人工生态系统增加,面积变化相对较小。自然生态系统的破坏在2000~2005年间比2005~2010年间严重,且集中在一级保护区外,以准保护区内居多。     

几种芳香化合物对苯并芘在泥浆反应器中降解的影响

苯并芘在土壤中难于被生物降解,其降解方式通常以共代谢方式进行.本研究考查了几种多环芳烃及2种单环芳香化合物对苯并芘降解的影响.先把几种芳香化合物投入到供试无污染土壤中进行3d的预培养,然后向土壤中加入苯并芘并使土壤在三角瓶内形成泥浆系统,放在摇床上培养.42d的实验表明,用菲对土壤进行预处Ζ理消除了苯并芘的降解滞后期,并提高了苯并芘的降解率.蒽、芘未能改变苯并芘的降解模式,而苯并蒽则相对抑制了苯并芘的降解.水杨酸和邻苯二甲酸同样消除了苯并芘降解的滞后阶段,且促进了苯并芘的降解,但质量差别未对苯并芘的降解产生影响.     

Measurements of sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde in Taipei using a differential optical absorption spectrometer

Taipei, the capital city of Taiwan, lies in a basin, and its topography prevents the dispersion of pollutants in the city. As a continuation of our air quality study, from February 1999 through June 1999, we measured the concentrations of SO2 at six different locations and of formaldehyde at five locations using a differential optical absorption spectrometer (DOAS). The average concentration of SO2 varied from 3.5 to 6.6 ppb. The average concentration was highest at Toucheng because of its proximity to point sources. The level in Hsientien was close to that in Toucheng, with Hsinyu showing the lowest concentrations. The DOAS and the Taiwan Air Quality Monitoring Network (TAQMN) measurements for SO2 were highly correlated (r2 > 0.9) for Toucheng, Panchiao, and Hsientien. However, DOAS SO2 concentrations were 2 times higher for Hsientien and slightly lower for Panchiao than the TAQMN concentrations were. The average concentration of formaldehyde varied from 7 to 10 ppb. Diurnal variation of formaldehyde closely followed the variation of ozone, especially when the 1-hr peak ozone concentration was > 60 ppb. Photochemical formation accounted for the ambient levels of formaldehyde in Taipei. Concentration of formaldehyde became significant on days when O3 concentration was high. Our results indicate that DOAS can replace conventional measurement techniques.     

海河河口表层沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的源解析

采集海河河口表层沉积物样品,测定了其中12种多氯联苯(PCBs)和20种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度,运用主成分分析-多元线性回归法(PCA-MLR)解析该区域沉积物中PCBs和OCPs的来源,并定量计算了各污染源的贡献量.结果表明,海河沉积物中PCBs的特征源为非故意产生和大气输送2类,基于多元线性回归法的贡献率分别为55%和45%,对PCBs总量的贡献量均值为6.94,9.42ng/g;OCPs的特征源为历史残留和新的输入2类,贡献率分别为13%和87%,对OCPs总量的贡献量均值为21.18,171.97ng/g.海河河口沉积物中POPs的源贡献与该区域的工业生产有关,改善工业结构和妥善处理历史遗留的生产废物是控制海河河口沉积物中POPs的有效途径.