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71.
72.
Cifuentes JM Becker PH Sommer U Pacheco P Schlatter R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,126(1):123-137
Seabird eggs were used as bioindicators of chemical contamination in Chile. Brown-hooded Gull (Larus maculipennis), Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus), Trudeau's Tern (Sterna trudeaui), Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus), and Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus) eggs were sampled at different breeding sites during the 1990s. Mercury and organochlorines (PCBs, DDT, HCB, HCH, and PCP) were quantified to reveal the interspecific differences, spatial and temporal trends in contamination levels. Trudeau's Tern displayed the highest levels of mercury (486 ng g(-1) wet weight). The highest sumDDT concentrations were measured in Brown-hooded Gulls (726 ng g(-1)). PCB levels were similar among the species (102-236 ng g(-1)), but the composition of the PCB mixture was different in Pink-footed Shearwaters. With the exception of the Brown-hooded Gull, all species studied presented similar and low levels of organochlorines (sumOHa). Residues of PCB and related compounds were not detected in any of the seabird eggs analyzed in Chile. Geographical variation was low, although levels of industrial chemicals were slightly higher in eggs from Concepción Bay, and agricultural chemicals in eggs from Valdivia. Also interannual variation was low, but some evidence was found of decreasing levels in gull eggs throughout the time of the study. The causes of the low levels and small variability in space and time of environmental chemicals in Chilean seabirds are discussed. We propose the use of seabirds in future monitoring of the development of chemical contamination in Chile. 相似文献
73.
Quantification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin) by GC-MS determination of 3-hydroxy fatty acids 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Binding N Jaschinski S Werlich S Bletz S Witting U 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2004,6(1):65-70
A GC-MS method for the quantification of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin) is presented. After hydrolytic cleavage of 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) from the lipid A region of LPS, derivatisation of both the hydroxyl and the carboxyl group was performed in one step with a mixture of methyl-bis(trifluoracetamide)(MBTFA) and N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoracetamide (MTBSTFA). Using GC-MS in the EI mode with selected ion monitoring (SIM) for analysis, baseline separation of 3-OH FAs (and of possibly interfering 2-OH FAs) was achieved. The sensitivity of the method (LOD 7-50 pg/injection for the different 3-OH FAs investigated) allows for the efficient quantification of LPS in occupational and environmental samples. Degradation of 3-OH FAs as well as of their derivatives during sample preparation and GC-MS separation as a possible source of errors in analytical methods based on 3-OH FA determination is reported for the first time. Thermal elimination of water from the underivatised 3-OH FAs and of trifluoroacetic acid from the derivatives was identified as the cause of degradation. The resulting alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds showing the same mass spectra as the 3-OH FA derivatives were detected as more or less prominent satellite peaks. By using alkaline instead of acidic hydrolysis and cool on-column instead of split/splitless injection, elimination was reduced to an acceptable level. 相似文献
74.
Ursula Stephan Ute Strobel Philip Weller Jasmine Bachmann und Renate Kla? 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(6):313-320
Zusammenfassung Der WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), Initiator und Tr?ger des Donau-Karpaten-Programms, besch?ftigt sich seit Beginn des
Kosovo-Konfliktes mit den Auswirkungen der kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen auf Natur und Mensch und versucht, die Welt?ffentiichkeit
entsprechend zu informieren. Ende Juli 1999 hat der WWF International eine Mission, bestehend aus unabh?ngigen Toxikologinnen
und ?lexperten, an die Donau entsandt. Unter der Leitung von Philip Weller, dem Direktor des WWF Donau-Karpaten-Programms,
wurden drei Tag lang Industriekomplexe besichtigt und Gespr?che mit Betroffenen geführt. Die Reise führte das Team nach Panćevo
und Novi Sad, und damit zu den Schwerpunkten der zerst?rten Chemie- und Petrochemischen Komplexe. In den betroffenen Werken,
HIP AZOTARA, Panćevo und NIS ?lraffinerie, Novi Sad wurde das Team von den jeweiligen Werkleitern geführt. Gespr?che fanden
statt mit dem Bürgermeister von Panćevo und Vertretern des Gesundheitsamtes in Belgrad. Es war dem Team m?glich, Boden- und
Wasserproben zu nehmen und zu analysieren. Damit liegen den Autoren unabh?ngige Analysenergebnisse vor, die es gestatten,
eine erste, orientierende Einsch?tzung der Kontaminationen vorzunehmen.
相似文献
75.
76.
Fr. Knoll 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1924,12(47):988-993
77.
Schröder HC Brandt D Schlossmacher U Wang X Tahir MN Tremel W Belikov SI Müller WE 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2007,94(5):339-359
Biomineralization, biosilicification in particular (i.e. the formation of biogenic silica, SiO2), has become an exciting source of inspiration for the development of novel bionic approaches following “nature as model”.
Siliceous sponges are unique among silica forming organisms in their ability to catalyze silica formation using a specific
enzyme termed silicatein. In this study, we review the present state of knowledge on silicatein-mediated “biosilica” formation
in marine sponges, the involvement of further molecules in silica metabolism and their potential application in nanobiotechnology
and medicine.
Werner E. G. Müller dedicated this study to Prof. Vera Gamulin (Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia) in honour of her
unique contributions in molecular evolution. 相似文献
78.
We observed a pronounced, yet reversible tissue reduction in the tropical sponge Aplysinella sp. under non-experimental conditions in its natural habitat, after transfer into seawater tanks, as well as after transplantation
from deep to shallow water in the field. Tissue reduction resulted in the formation of small “reduction bodies” tightly attached
to the sponge skeleton. Although volume loss and gain were substantial, both tissue reduction and regeneration were often
remarkably rapid, occurring within few hours. Microscopic analysis of the reduction bodies revealed morphological similarities
to previously described sponge primmorphs, with densely packed archaeocytes and spherulous cells enclosed by a thin layer
of epithelial-like cells. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed pronounced changes in the sponge-associated
microbial community upon tissue reduction during laboratory and field experiments and following changes in ambient conditions
after transplantation in the field. Generally, the microbial community associated with this sponge proved less stable, less
abundant, and less diverse than those of other, previously investigated Verongid sponges. However, one single phylotype was
consistently present in DGGE profiles of Aplysinella sp. This phylotype clustered with γ-proteobacterial sequences found previously in other sponge species of different taxonomic
affiliations and geographic provenances, as well as in sponge larvae. No apparent changes in the total secondary metabolite
content (per dry weight) occurred in Aplysinella sp. upon tissue reduction; however, comparative analysis of intact and reduced tissue suggested changes in the concentrations
of two minor compounds. Besides being ecologically interesting, the tissue reduction phenomenon in Aplysinella sp. provides an experimentally manipulable system for studies on sponge/microbe symbioses. Moreover, it may prove useful
as a model system to investigate molecular mechanisms of basic Metazoan traits in vivo, complementing the in vitro sponge
primmorph system currently used in this context. 相似文献
79.
The fundamental data requirements for the authorization of plant protection products and the inclusion of active ingredients in Annex I of Council Directive 91/414/EEC are described in the Annexes II and III of the Directive. Definite guidelines concerning investigations with arthropods are partially deficient. The uniform principles for the registration of plant protection products in the Member States described in Annex VI of the directive were primarily developed to assess the effects on the beneficial capacity of arthropods in agriculture. However, the risk for arthopods as an essential part of the environment need to be assessed, too. Hence, the German Federal Environmental Agency has developed a tiered approach to assess the effects of plant protection products on arthopods based on the data requirements of Annex II and III of the Directive 91/414/EEC. The risk is assessed using the effect-concentration evaluated in ecotoxicological tests and the environmental concentration predicted by validated exposure models. To protect non-target species in terrestrial ecosystems assessment factors need to be considered. 相似文献
80.
Ulrike Hirt Judith Mahnkopf Mathias Gadegast Lukas Czudowski Ute Mischke Claudia Heidecke Gerald Schernewski Markus Venohr 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(3):1123-1138
We introduce an approach for establishing reference conditions (RC) for rivers of the German Baltic Sea catchment, based on predictive modelling. An extensive data set of statistics from the year 1880 was coupled with literature data, providing a comprehensive basis for the calculation of regional historical nutrient emissions into rivers, river nutrient concentrations, and nutrient loading into the sea. Four different scenarios were calculated: scenario 1 assumed RC following previously established criteria for lakes (Poikane et al. in Environ Manag 45(6):1286–1298, 2010), scenario 4 applied the nutrient emission conditions of 1880 (considering non-intensive land usage, the presence of tile drainage systems, sewer systems, and the human population from 1880), and scenarios 2 and 3 considered intermediate conditions. Our results showed that nutrient emissions from scenario 1 accounted for approximately one-tenth of the currently observed total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) emissions. The nutrient emissions calculated for 1880 (scenario 4) were found to be 47 % (TN) and 55 % (TP) higher than those calculated considering reference lake conditions (scenario 1). Our results suggest that RC nutrient concentrations in rivers in the German Baltic Sea catchment were clearly below 0.05 mg/l for TP and 1 mg/l for TN. This range is in accordance with historical and calculated pristine nutrient concentrations from other rivers in similar catchments. 相似文献