Hygroscopicity measurement of sodium carbonate, β-alanine and internally mixed β-alanine/Na2CO3 particles by ATR-FTIR

Water-uptakes of pure sodium carbonate(Na_2CO_3),pure β-alanine and internally mixedβ-alanine/Na_2CO_3 aerosol particles with different mole ratios are first monitored using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(ATR-FTIR) technique.For pure Na_2CO_3 aerosol particles,combining the absorptions at 877 and 1422 cm-1 with abrupt water loss shows the efflorescence relative humidity(ERH) of 62.9%–51.9%.Upon humidifying,solid Na_2CO_3 firstly absorbs water to from Na_2CO_3·H2 O crystal at 72.0% RH and then deliquesces at 84.5% RH(DRH).As for pure β-alanine particles,the crystallization takes place in the range of 42.4%–33.2% RH and becomes droplets at ～ 88.2% RH.When β-alanine is mixed with Na_2CO_3 at various mole ratios,it shows no efflorescence of Na_2CO_3 whenβ-alanine to Na_2CO_3 mole ratio(OIR) is 2:1.For 1:1 and 1:2 β-alanine/Na_2CO_3 aerosols,the ERHs of Na_2CO_3 are 51.8%–42.3% and 57.1%–42.3%,respectively.While β-alanine crystal appears from 62.7% RH for 2:1 and 59.4% RH for both 1:1 and 1:2 particles and lasts to driest state.On hydration,the DRH is 44.7%–75.2% for Na_2CO_3 with the OIR of 1:1 and 44.7%–69.0%for 1:2 mixture,and those of β-alanine are 74.8% for 2:1 mixture and 68.9% for two others.After the first dehumidification–humidification,all the water contents decrease despite of constituent fraction.And at ～ 92% RH,the remaining water contents are 92%,89% and 82%at ～ 92% RH,corresponding to OIR of 2:1,1:1 and 1:2 mixed system,respectively.     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

吸附法处理蒸氨废水的研究

焦化厂的蒸氨废水含有酚、氰、硫化物、氨氮、焦油和COD等多种有毒物质, 目前主要采用好氧生化法处理, 此法需耗用大量稀释水, 而且出水COD和色度达不到排放标准.用GAC吸附法[1]虽能解决以上问题, 但目前不适合我国国情.我们采用以废治废的办法, 用一种废吸附剂再生后处理蒸氨废水, 取得了良好效果.本文对吸附法处理蒸氨废水作了较系统的实验研究.     

民用机场航站楼火灾人员疏散仿真研究

为预防机场航站楼火灾事故,利用建筑信息模型(BIM),研究航站楼火灾事故中建筑布局和消防系统对烟气蔓延、人员疏散的影响。将BIM技术应用于航站楼火灾疏散管理中,利用PyroSim和Pathfinder软件对航站楼消防运行、人员安全进行量化仿真模拟,分析不同条件下烟雾、热量和人员疏散过程变化情况。结果表明:在现有楼内建筑布局下,航站楼在人流高峰期一旦发生火灾,且机械排烟系统未能及时启动时,热辐射对人员疏散不会产生明显影响,但随着烟气高度急剧下降,会对人员安全造成明显威胁。扩大登机口前空地面积、移除不必要的室内设施、使消防系统与登机口联动,是缩短人员疏散耗时的重要举措。     

长江流域新型城镇化耦合协调度时空分异与空间集聚

从长江流域协同发展与新型城镇化发展角度考虑,如何促进区域城镇化有序、适度及协调建设,是亟待解决的科学问题。以长江流域105个地级市为研究对象,基于熵值法构建人口、土地、经济、社会、生态环境城镇化的五维耦合协调度指标体系。依托ArcGIS平台,运用耦合协调度模型、核密度估计及探索性空间数据分析方法探究长江流域城镇化耦合协调度的时空分异特征、空间聚类格局及影响因素。结果表明：(1)2008～2018年,长江流域城镇化耦合协调度的标准差和变异系数均有下降,各地级市间城镇化耦合协调度的离散程度趋于缩小态势。(2)耦合协调度良好及以上的地级市主要位于长江三角洲、合肥与皖江沿线、武汉城市圈、长沙城市圈、成渝城市群等地。耦合协调度失调的地级市主要位于长江源头地区、川西—藏东—滇北横断山区、甘肃陇南、乌蒙山区、雪峰山区、罗霄山区等地。(3)长江流域城镇化耦合协调度空间集聚可划分为热点聚集型、中部发展型、冷点聚集型、边缘游离型4种类型,人力资本、交通建设、经济增长、产业结构、地理特征因素在很大程度上塑造了耦合协调度的区域格局。基于城镇化多维耦合协调发展,本研究提出了相应的政策建议。     

基于生态系统服务理论内涵的山水林田湖草生态保护修复实践——以河南省南太行地区试点工程为例

科学实施山水林田湖草生态保护修复是生态文明建设的重要内容。将提升生态系统服务功能与山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程相结合,以国家第三批山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点项目——河南省南太行地区试点工程为例,探索以提高生态产品供给能力、维护生态安全为目标的南太行地区山水林田湖草生态保护与修复工程实践。地区区位特征及生态环境问题分析表明,南太行地区近年来生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势且生态环境破坏严重,许多矿山生态破坏和环境污染历史遗留问题亟待解决,生物多样性保护现状堪忧。以区域突出生态环境问题与主要生态功能定位为依据,按照“格局优化、系统稳定、功能提升”的目标,明确了南太行地区生态保护修复“一山一渠两流域”的总体布局与绩效目标,将其划分为5个生态功能区和7个工程治理区,根据不同功能区和治理区分别提出修复方案和工程治理措施。工程试点方案实施1年多,各项绩效目标完成进度较好,实现了生态效益、经济效益和社会效益的良好结合。