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71.
The Development of a Prediction Model for the Kinetic Constant of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Kinetic constants are important design parameters to determine the degradation of a substrate in biological treatment systems.
The objective of this study was to develop a regression model using a quantitative structure–activity relationship technique
for the prediction of the first-order rate constants (k) of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs). The prediction model showed very good correlations between the measured and
calculated rate constants of CAHs. It was likely that the higher-order connectivity indices were important factors for the
prediction of the kinetic constants, implying more complicated connectivity indices contributed to the prediction of a biological
property. This technique would provide a useful tool to establish the kinetics of other CAHs without costly or time-consuming
tests. 相似文献
72.
Kristin Aunan Terje K. Berntsen Gunnar Myhre Kristin Rypdal David G. Streets Jung-Hun Woo Kirk R. Smith 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(35):5674-5681
Household fuel use in developing countries, particularly as biomass and coal, is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols and other air pollutants affecting health and climate. Using state-of-the-art emission inventories, a global three-dimensional photochemical tracer/transport model of the troposphere, and a global radiative transfer model based on methods presented in the latest IPCC Assessment Report (2007-AR4), we estimate the radiative forcing (RF) attributable to household fuel combustion in Asia in terms of current global annual-mean RF and future global integrated RF for a one-year pulse of emissions (2000) over two time horizons (100 and 20 years). Despite the significant emissions of black carbon (BC) aerosols, these estimates indicate that shorter-lived (non-Kyoto) air pollutants from household fuel use in the region overall seem to exert a small net negative RF because of the strong influence of reflective aerosols. There are, however, major uncertainties in emission estimates for solid fuel burning, and about the sustainability of household fuel wood harvesting in Asia (the carbon neutrality of harvesting). In addition, there is still substantial uncertainty associated with the BC radiative forcing. As a result we find that the sign of the RF from household biomass burning in the region cannot be established. While recognizing the value of integrating climate change and air pollution policies, we are concerned that for a ‘Kyoto style’ post-Kyoto treaty (with global cap-and-trade and the Global Warming Potential as the metric) expanding the basket of components with a selection of short-lived species without also including the wider range of co-emitted species may lead to unintended consequences for global-scale climate. Additional measurement, modelling, and policy research is urgently needed to reduce the uncertainties so that the net impact on climate of emissions and mitigation measures in this sector can be accurately assessed. 相似文献
73.
Cheong YW Yim GJ Ji SW Kang SS Skousen J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):503-513
The objective of this study was to assess the changes in mine water quality as an underground mine flooded from July 2005
to October 2008. The effect of air injection with a blower into the water was used to evaluate the potential to convert ferrous
to ferric iron and to provide in situ treatment and precipitation. Mine flooding averaged 31 cm/day with a linear shape until
November 2007, when it flattened out due to outflow. During flooding, mine water pH remained around 6, but Eh shifted from
200 to −150 mV. After the mine water level stabilized, contents of elements such as Fe and SO4 tended to decrease as time passed. Air was injected by diffusers (150 L/min/each) at three different depths of 2, 3, and
5 m below the water level in the shaft. Dissolved oxygen eventually increased to 4 or 5 mg/L depending on the depth of the
diffusers. Aeration caused conversion of ferrous iron to ferric iron and about 30 mg/l of iron was removed from the mine water.
Therefore, air injection shows potential as a semi-active treatment or part of conventional treatment to precipitate iron
in the mine pool. 相似文献
74.
To identify ecotoxicological responses to an endocrine disrupter, benzo(a)pyrene, we examined the life-history of the harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus sensu lato. Based on the life-history of copepods, survival rate of nauplii (NSR) and copepodites (CSR), copepodite emergence day (CED) and adult male emergence day (AMED), sex ratio (MER), brooding success rate (BSR), and first brooding day of adult females (FBD) were measured. Significant differences were observed in the survival and development of nauplii (NSR and CED) and sex ratio (MER) of exposed and non-exposed copepods. Moreover, high concentration of BaP can be lethal to copepodite and exhibited a delay of growth. In this study, the CED and AMED among ecotoxicological response based on life-history developments were delayed and the body characteristics decreased in response to exposure to benzo(a)pyrene. The dwarfism and urosome deformity of the T. japonicus s.l. was exhibited in response to chemical exposure. Specifically, the body characteristics and biomass of dwarf copepods that had been exposed to benzo(a)pyrene were 30% and 50% lower than the control group, respectively. The incidence of abnormal urosomes was divided into two types. The first deformity type was signs of shrinkage in the middle of the urosome or the entire urosome was narrower than those of the control organisms. In the second type, the anal somite and the distal side of the urosome had abnormally swelled. Taken together, the nauplii and copepodid development of T. japonicus s.l. can be used as a useful biomaker for detecting developmental delay based on their entire life-history. In addition, the urosome deformity was used a good potential monitoring tool invading various chemicals and environmental contamination into water system. 相似文献
75.
Reproduction and growth of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in a lake of Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kim JC Ma CW Oh CW Paik SG 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2008,29(2):163-168
This study analyzed the reproduction and growth of freshwater prawn, Palaemon paucidens De Haan 1844 from Suk-dang lake(Korea). The analysis of the sex ratio showed a higher proportion of males than that of females. The average size of the eggs was 6.12 (+/-0.55) mm3 in the non-eyed stage (stageA) and 7.20 (+/-0.86)mm3 in the eyed stage (stage B). The reproductive output (RO) calculated with the dried-body weight of an incubating female and the weight of the eggs in dried condition was 26.97% (n = 17) of the average females weight. Incubating prawn appeared in April, and the gonadosomatic indices(GSI) showed the highest value during three months from January to March. Based on the month when there was a high proportion of incubating females with a high GSI, the estimated spawning season of P. paucidens was April. The maturity of the female was evaluated by the development of the ovaries and the existence of eggs. The average body length when 50% of the females in the group reached maturity was 8.55 (+/-2.74) mm. The analysis of the length-frequency distribution showed that the life span of P. paucidens ranged from 12 to 13 months. Females mature faster than males. 相似文献
76.
This study was undertaken to ascertain optimal methods of sampling, preserving, separating, and analyzing arsenic species
in potentially contaminated waters. Arsenic species are readily transformed in nature by slight changes in conditions. Each
species has a different toxicity and mobility. The conventional field sampling method using filters of 0.45 μm in size could
overestimate the dissolved arsenic concentrations, as passing suspended particles that can act as a sink or source of arsenic
depending on the site condition. For arsenic species in neutral pH and iron-poor waters, the precipitation can be stable for
up to 3 days without any treatment, but for longer periods, a preservative, such as phosphoric acid, is required. Also, the
analytical procedure must be selected carefully because the levels and hydride generation efficiencies of arsenic in different
species can vary, even for the same amount of arsenic. For arsenic speciation in samples that also include organic species,
a hybrid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) gave
the best resolution and lowest detection limits. However, the procedure using a solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge can
be used economically and conveniently for analyzing samples containing only inorganic arsenic species, such as groundwater,
especially that related to mine activity. 相似文献
77.
How energy costs affect foraging decisions is poorly understood for marine animals. To provide data relevant to this topic,
we examined the relationship between activity levels and foraging behavior by attaching activity recorders to 29 chick-rearing
wing-propelled diving birds (thick-billed murres, Uria lomvia) in 1999–2000. We connected the activity during the final dive bout with the prey item we observed being fed to the chicks.
After accounting for changes in activity level with depth, activity was highest during the final dive of a dive bout, reflecting
maneuvring during prey capture. Pelagic prey items, especially invertebrates (amphipods), were associated with higher depth-corrected
activity, leading to shorter dives for a given depth (presumably due to higher oxygen consumption rates) and, thus, shorter
search times (lower bottom time for a given depth). Pelagic prey items were likely captured during active pursuit, with the
birds actively seeking and pursuing schooling mid-water prey. In contrast, benthic prey involved low activity and extended
search times, suggesting that the birds slowly glided along the bottom in search for prey hidden in the sediments or rocks.
We concluded that activity levels are important in determining the foraging tactics of marine predators.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
78.
Daniel A. Warner Kevin L. Woo Daniel A. Van Dyk Christopher S. Evans Richard Shine 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(5):803-813
The complex ritualized displays of males in many territorial species suggest that selection has shaped male behaviors in ways
that affect fitness. In this study, we evaluated the link between display behavior during male–male interactions and reproductive
success in the Australian jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus), a lizard species that uses a complex series of movement patterns for communication. We quantified variation in male display
behaviors by using video playback experiments in the laboratory, and subsequently assessed variation in male reproductive
success by paternity analyses of offspring. Because the lizards used in this study came from eggs incubated under three thermal
environments, we also could evaluate the impact of developmental temperature on adult behavior and reproductive success. Incubation
temperature had a strong effect on male reproductive success; males produced under intermediate temperatures sired more offspring
than those produced under extreme developmental temperatures. However, incubation temperature did not affect male display
behavior, nor was male behavior associated with reproductive success. Our findings do not support the common assumption that
display behaviors used during male–male interactions affect reproductive success. 相似文献
79.
Tritium levels in Chinese cabbage and radish plants acutely exposed to HTO vapor at different growth stages 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Choi YH Lim KM Lee WY Park HG Choi GS Keum DK Lee H Kim SB Lee CW 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2005,84(1):79-94
To simulate an acute exposure of Chinese cabbage and radish plants to airborne HTO, the potted plants were exposed to HTO vapor under semi-outdoor conditions for 1h at different times from the early to late growth stages. The plants were grown outdoors and the plant tritium was measured at the end of an exposure (h(0)) and at harvest. The leaf tissue free water tritium (TFWT) concentrations at h(0) were considerably lower than estimated equilibrium concentrations. In the leaves of Chinese cabbage, the exposure at the earlier growth stage generally ended with a higher TFWT concentration. Such a tendency was not apparent either in the leaves or roots of radish. On the other hand, the earlier stage exposure gave rise to lower TFWT concentrations at the harvest of both crops. For the OBT (organically bound tritium), however, the same occurred only in the Chinese cabbage leaves. During the period between the exposure and harvest, the TFWT concentrations reduced by factors of up to 1.1 x 10(6) for the Chinese cabbage leaves and 1.3 x 10(4) for the radish roots. Based on the activity ratios of OBT to TFWT at harvest, it is estimated that OBT mostly contributes much more to the ingestion dose than TFWT does. 相似文献
80.
Probability distributions that model the return periods of flood characteristics derived from partial duration series are proposed and tested in the Fraser River catchment of British Columbia. Theoretical distributions describing the magnitude, duration, frequency and timing of floods are found to provide a goof fit to the observed data. The five estimated parameters summarizing the flood characteristics of each basin are entered into a discriminant analysis procedure to establish flood regions. Three regions were identified, each displaying flood behavior closely related to the physical conditions of the catchment. Within each region, regression equations are obtained between parameter values and basin climatic and physiographic variables. These equations provide a satisfactory prediction of flood parameters and this allows the estimation of a comprehensive set of flood characteristics for areas with sparse hydrologic information. 相似文献