Acid deposition critical loads modeling for the simulation of sulfur exceedance and reduction in Guangdong, China

The current acid deposition critical loads in Guangdong, China were calculated using the PROFILE model with a 3 km × 3 km resolution. Calculations were carried out for critical loads of potential acidity, actual acidity, sulfur and nitrogen, with values in extents of 0–3.5, 0–14.0, 0–26.0 and 0–3.5 kmol/(hm2·year), respectively. These values were comparable to previously reported results and reflected the influences of vegetation and soil characteristics on the soil acid buffering capacity. Simulations of S...     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Analysis of diffusion-adsorption equivalency of landfill liner systems for organic contaminants

The equivalence between multilayered barriers regarding diffusion and adsorption is analyzed by means of an analytical method. The bottom boundary of the liner system is defined by assuming concentration continuous and flux continuous conditions of the contaminant between the bottom liner layer and the underlying soil. Five different liner systems were compared in terms of solute breakthrough time. The results of the analysis show that breakthrough time of the hydrophobic organic compounds for a 2-meter-thick compacted clay liner (CCL) can be 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the breakthrough time for a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) composite liner. The GM/GCL and GM/CCL composite liner systems provide a better diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic organic compounds than that for the hydrophobic compounds due to their different Henry's coefficient. The calculated breakthrough times of the organic contaminants for the Chinese standard liner systems were found to be generally greater than those for the GCL alternatives, for the specific conditions examined. If the distribution coefficient increases to 2.8 for the hydrophobic compounds or 1.0 for the hydrophilic compounds, the thickness of the attenuation layer needed to achieve the same breakthrough time as the standard liner systems can be reduced by a factor of about 1.9-2.4. As far as diffusive and adsorption contaminant transport are concerned, GM or GCL is less effective than CCL.     

凹凸棒石/γ-Fe_2O_3/碳纳米复合材料的制备及其对苯酚的吸附作用

为获得同时具有有机亲和性和磁分离特性的吸附材料,以凹凸棒石黏土和废活性白土为原材料,通过铁盐水解共沉淀和在氢气气氛下程序升温煅烧的方法,制备廉价的凹凸棒石γ-Fe2O3/碳纳米复合材料.运用磁化率分析,红外吸收光谱,透射电镜,X射线衍射分析和碳含量分析对其进行了表征,并研究了复合材料吸附去除水中苯酚的动力学、吸附试验中pH的影响及同等条件下与其他吸附材料吸附性能的对比.结果表明,复合材料的磁化率值为2 769×10-8m3/kg,用磁分离工序即可把该吸附材料从溶液中快速分离出来;铁的磁性氧化物以γ-Fe2O3的形态负载到凹凸棒石表面,颗粒直径为10～60nm;碳以无定形的形态负载在凹凸棒石晶体表面;复合材料中的ω(碳)为7.4%,材料中出现了有机官能团-CH3和-CH2-.对苯酚的吸附试验表明,复合材料对苯酚的去除率是凹凸棒石原矿的3倍.     

城市河流硬质护岸生态修复研究进展

针对硬质护岸给城市河流生态环境造成的影响,初步探讨了生态型河流护岸的概念与内涵;分类介绍了硬质护岸生态修复一些代表性的技术和方法,分析了这些技术的适用范围;并提出了目前关于硬质护岸生态修复技术研究的热点问题和发展方向。     

流沙湾溶解氧的分布特征及其相关因素的探讨

2008年2月、5月、8月和11月四个航次对流沙湾海水中溶解氧进行详细的调查和研究,同时分别测试其温度、盐度、TOC、COD、叶绿素a等水质指标,通过统计分析,得出流沙湾DO的分布特征,并针对DO与其相关因素之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:在整个调查海域内,秋冬季溶解氧呈现由外湾向内湾,由南向北逐渐递增的分布趋势;春季溶解氧则呈现由外湾向内湾逐渐递减的分布趋势,站位之间变化幅度较大(4.49～7.71mg/L);夏季内湾和外湾海水中溶解氧的含量较为平均,各站位之间变化幅度较小(5.93～6.99mg/L)。表层海水溶解氧平均含量(6.60mg/L)稍高于底层海水(6.33mg/L)。秋冬季溶解氧的平均含量(7.40mg/L、7.85mg/L)普遍高于春夏(6.26mg/L、6.46mg/L)两个季度,站位7底在四个季度中溶解氧均处于低值区。随着水温升高,氧的溶解度降低,随着盐度升高,溶解氧含量也有下降趋势,冬季和春季的线性关系较为显著。DO和COD随季节变化的规律一致,与TOC的季节变化规律相反。溶解氧与叶绿素a在冬季呈现极显著正相关。春季次之,夏秋两季两者之间不存在相关性。     

改良A~2/O工艺预缺氧池中的脱氮作用和机理

改良A2/O工艺中预缺氧池有较强的脱氮作用,其脱氮作用占整个系统氮去除率的15.11%。通过对预缺氧池氮元素进行物料平衡,分析和证实改良A2/O预缺氧池中可以发生厌氧氨氧化反应,可以有效减少能耗和降低运行成本,这对我国污水厂的改造,提高出水水质,具有积极意义。     

基于厌氧氨氧化和中温亚硝化的可持续生物脱氮工艺

通过介绍厌氧氨氧化技术（ANAMMOX）和亚硝化技术（SHARON）在污水脱氯处理中的原理,着重从工艺特性分析以及控制因数方面介绍SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺,并通过与传统工艺的比较,指出SHARON—ANAMMOX联合工艺是可持续性处理工艺。     

贵州近50年来的径流过程时空演变特征及驱动因素诊断

本文以贵州10个径流站覆盖近50年的实测月径流资料(1956~2000)及19个气象站同期实测资料为基础,结合Mann-Kendall趋势分析和流量历时曲线FDCs等方法,分析了时间变异点(1986年)前后贵州8大主要流域的径流过程的年度和季节变化、洪枯水变化规律及其演变的空间特征。结果表明:(1)从时间规律上看,贵州主要江河近50年间径流变化大部分测站呈现小幅增加趋势,个别下游水文站径流呈明显增加趋势;(2)1987~2000年期间贵州的汛期径流和1956~1986年期间相比更加集中了;(3)贵州大多数水文站月径流洪水指标(Q5)在1986年后有不同幅度增加,而枯水指标(Q95)1986年后涨跌互现。与之对应的洪水指数(Q5/Q50)及枯水指数(Q95/Q50)也存在类似规律;(4)从空间规律上看,贵州西北部地区和东南部地区径流减少,其它地方(主要集中在乌江上游)增加。贵州1986年前后近50年时期内的降水及蒸发的空间规律与其径流变化空间规律是基本吻合的,说明贵州过去近50年来的径流过程变化主要是由气候变化引起的。本文的研究结果对保证并促进贵州地区区域水资源、生态与环境和谐健康的可持续发展具有非常重要的战略意义和科学价值。     

化工园区企业环境适宜度评价研究初探

本研究在阐明化工园区企业环境适宜度评价研究目的的基础上,根据化工园区的特点,采用层次分析法,构建了由经济、物质消耗、污染物排放、管理、社会、辅助6个领域、24个分项、96个单项评价因子组成的评价指标体系,并在具体的规划环评工作实践中确定了各级评价指标、评价指标计算数学模式以及评价结果综合评级方法,为化工园区企业环境综合整治提供了技术依据。本指标体系基本上涵盖了化工区企业与环境关联的主要方面,可以比较全面、客观地对化工园区企业的环境适宜度作出评判。