日本沼虾与秀丽白虾的营养生态位

为科学评估虾类的营养关系及资源的保护,利用稳定同位素技术研究了2种淡水虾类在大型通江湖泊——洞庭湖和鄱阳湖中的营养生态位和生态宽幅大小.结果表明,日本沼虾与秀丽白虾的δ13C值呈显著差异,而δ15N值无明显差异.同时,由于营养状况及水文的差异,虾类同位素值的差异在2个湖泊中表现不同.日本沼虾的δ13C值范围比秀丽白虾大,频率分布相对集中在-25.0‰～-23.0‰区间,表明其摄食的食物来源更广,对某些饵料生物有所偏好.另外,日本沼虾与秀丽白虾的营养生态位重叠程度较大,表明二者的主要食物来源相同,在食物网中占据的营养级相近,存在着激烈的种间竞争.在鄱阳湖中,日本沼虾占有的营养生态位和生态宽幅大于秀丽白虾;而在洞庭湖的研究结果则相反,主要是由于采样区域生境的差异及人类活动干扰的程度不同所致.     

Soil microbial community structure and function responses to successive planting of Eucalyptus

Many studies have shown soil degradation after the conversion of native forests to exotic Eucalyptus plantations. However, few studies have investigated the long-term impacts of short-rotation forestry practices on soil microorganisms. The impacts of Eucalyptus successive rotations on soil microbial communities were evaluated by comparing phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） abundances, compositions, and enzyme activities of native Pinus massoniana plantations and adjacent 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th generation Eucalyptus plantations. The conversion from P. massoniana to Eucalyptus plantations significantly decreased soil microbial community size and enzyme activities, and increased microbial physiological stress. However, the PLFA abundances formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions with Eucalyptus plantation age. Alternatively, physiological stress biomarkers, the ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acid and Gram＋ to Gram- bacteria, formed ＂∩＂ shaped quadratic functions, and the ratio of cy17：0 to 16： 1ω7c decreased with plantation age. The activities of phenol oxidase, peroxidase, and acid phosphatase increased with Eucalyptus plantation age, while the cellobiobydrolase activity formed ＂U＂ shaped quadratic functions. Soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and understory cover largely explained the variation in PLFA profiles while soil N：P, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, and understory cover explained most of the variability in enzyme activity. In conclusion, soil microbial structure and function under Eucalyptus plantations were strongly impacted by plantation age. Most of the changes could be explained by altered soil resource availability and understory cover associated with successive planting of Eucalyptus. Our results highlight the importance of plantation age for assessing the impacts of plantation conversion as well as the importance of reducing disturbance for plantation management.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

浙江发酵制药大气污染物排放标准制订研究

该研究分析了浙江省发酵制药行业主要大气污染物的排放状况,识别出了发酵制药行业使用的主要有机溶剂,其中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、甲醇和乙醇是该行业使用频率最高的4种有机溶剂,并得到了行业的挥发性有机污染物的成分谱。评估了发酵制药企业大气污染防治现状,并对行业大气污染防治以及环境管理等方面存在的问题进行了深入剖析。最后从发酵制药企业内部污染防治、完善行业环境监管的角度提出了发酵制药行业污染防治的基本对策和制订地方发酵制药行业大气污染物排放标准的基本思路。     

运用丝状真菌生物质生物吸附镉(Ⅱ)污染物的研究

丝状真菌生物质是研制可用作生物修复镉污染的生物吸附剂的重要生物材料。文章首先概述了镉的危害性与镉污染的真菌修复机制;列表比较了近20年研究中用于生物吸附Cd⁽²⁺⁾的丝状真菌菌种资源、镉吸附量和工艺特性参数;详细阐明了利用丝状真菌生物质生物吸附法除镉工艺过程涉及的技术方法和基本原理,包括丝状真菌生物质材料的预处理方法,分批生物吸附除镉工艺的考虑因素及其影响效应,固定床吸附柱生物吸附除镉工艺,以及生物吸附法去除含镉工业废水中Cd(2+)的丝状真菌菌种资源、镉吸附量和工艺特性参数;详细阐明了利用丝状真菌生物质生物吸附法除镉工艺过程涉及的技术方法和基本原理,包括丝状真菌生物质材料的预处理方法,分批生物吸附除镉工艺的考虑因素及其影响效应,固定床吸附柱生物吸附除镉工艺,以及生物吸附法去除含镉工业废水中Cd⁽²⁺⁾的实践效果。     

封闭式博物馆室内空气颗粒物离子成分特征

采用气体悬浮物粒子监测仪和NanoMoudi-Ⅱ125A型分级采样器对某封闭式博物馆进行颗粒物数浓度监测和颗粒物采样,测定了不同粒径段颗粒物中的主要离子组分。结果表明,监测期间粗颗粒物(粒径≥2.5μm)、细颗粒物(粒径在0.1~2.5μm之间)和超细颗粒物(粒径≤0.1μm)质量浓度分别为20.50~24.38μg/m3、23.39~24.08μg/m3和16.02~17.48μg/m3。颗粒物数浓度集中在粒径≤0.3μm范围,PM1数浓度占PM10数浓度的97%以上,游客扰动和清洁活动使粗颗粒物数浓度增加了8~172倍。SO42-、NO3-、NH4+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm粒径段,Na+、Cl-分布较平均,K+峰值出现在0.32~0.56μm和3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Mg2+的峰值出现在3.2~5.6μm粒径段,Ca2+峰值出现在1.8~3.2μm粒径段;总有机酸根离子无明显峰值;乙酸根离子浓度为1.238μg/m3,高于甲酸根和乙二酸根。颗粒物的阳/阴离子比均值为2.83,说明阴离子测定可能有缺失,如碳酸盐等。颗粒物中水溶性离子浓度水平和粒径分布受游客影响不明显,受室外空气输送的影响较大。     

翻堆频率及调理剂对城市生活垃圾堆肥腐熟的影响

文章以探究高效、低成本的垃圾堆肥技术,为城市生活垃圾的无害化处理和资源化利用提供科学依据为目的。以城市生活垃圾为堆肥原料,进行为期35 d的堆肥试验,共设4个堆肥处理。其中处理1:3 d翻堆;处理2:7 d翻堆;处理3:添加0.25%磷酸二氢钾,7 d翻堆;处理4:添加0.25%乙酸,7 d翻堆。测定堆肥原料的物理化学主要参数,探讨采用的措施对生活垃圾堆肥腐熟进程的影响。试验结果表明:在堆肥35 d时添加乙酸处理发芽指数(GI)、阳离子代换值、铵态氮含量、NH4+-N/NO3--N比值分别为116.8%、93.05 cmol/kg、0.547 mg/g、0.788,与7 d翻堆处理各指标达到显著性差异(P<0.05);3 d翻堆处理的各项指标与7 d翻堆处理比较达到显著性差异(P<0.05);添加0.25%磷酸二氢钾处理的堆肥腐熟程度与7 d翻堆处理相比,无显著性差异(P<0.05)。可得出以下结论:3 d翻堆和添加乙酸能够明显加快堆肥腐熟的进程,添加0.25%的磷酸磷酸二氢钾对堆肥的腐熟进程无明显作用。     

苏北苏中地区“十二五”农村环境连片整治重点分析——以沛县和靖江市为例

以沛县和靖江市为研究对象,在充分调研两地农村环境现状的基础上,总结了存在的问题,分析了“十二五”期间苏北苏中地区在农村环境连片整治过程中的不同侧重点,最后提出了整治任务和保障措施.     

杭州市垃圾填埋甲烷排放估算及控制途径研究

研究和估算固体废弃物填埋处理甲烷的排放,对准确评估未来气候变化以及应对气候变化所带来的影响具有重要的意义。文章在分析了填埋场甲烷产生影响因素的基础上,对2005-2010年杭州市填埋场甲烷排放情况进行了估算,针对性地提出了杭州市填埋场甲烷排放控制的对策建议,为杭州市碳减排工作提供参考意见。     

活性炭固定耐冷菌对废水中硝基苯的降解

文章研究了颗粒活性炭固定鲍曼不动杆菌对硝基苯的降解情况。考查了活性炭对硝基苯的吸附等温线,符合Freulndlich经验公式,同时探究了其最佳投加量为5 mg/mL。较单纯微生物降解来说,在温度为15℃,pH为7,摇床转速140 r/min的条件下,生物活性炭降解浓度为200 mg/L的硝基苯所用时间大大缩短,而400 mg/L的硝基苯不能直接被菌株降解,固定化后84 h可基本完全降解,并且由于微生物作用活性炭得到再生。