Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

A critical review of sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during winter polluted periods

Sulfate aerosol contributes to particulate matter pollution and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing, impacting human health and climate change. Atmospheric models tend to substantially underestimate sulfate concentrations during haze episodes, indicating that there are still missing mechanisms not considered by the models. Despite recent good progress in understanding the missing sulfate sources, knowledge on different sulfate formation pathways during polluted periods still involves large uncertainties and the dominant mechanism is under heated debate, calling for more field, laboratory, and modeling work. Here, we review the traditional sulfate formation mechanisms in cloud water and also discuss the potential factors affecting multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation. Then recent progress in multiphase S(Ⅳ) oxidation mechanisms is summarized. Sulfate formation rates by different prevailing oxidation pathways under typical winter-haze conditions are also calculated and compared. Based on the literature reviewed, we put forward control of the atmospheric oxidation capacity as a means to abate sulfate aerosol pollution. Finally, we conclude with a concise set of research priorities for improving our understanding of sulfate formation mechanisms during polluted periods.     

统一国土空间用途管制制度的思考

近年来,统一国土空间用途管制,已提升到前所未有的国家战略部署层面,是一项带有全局意义的极其重要的改革任务。在系统梳理1949年以来国土空间用途管制制度演变的基础上,重点总结中国以往国土空间用途管制的主要特点,结果发现：贯彻落实用途管制制度,关键是把握好规划编制、实施许可、监督管理三大环节,统筹陆域、海域两类国土空间,差别化管理建设与非建设两种活动。结合制度建设的前提,提出构建统一国土空间用途管制制度的建议：（1）建立统一的国土空间用途管制控制线体系;（2）构建丰富有效的国土空间用途管制手段体系;（3）确立统一明晰的国土空间用途管制监管体系;（4）完善国土空间用途管制的相关法律法规体系。     

中亚跨境流域生态脆弱性评价及其时空特征分析——以阿姆河流域为例

生态脆弱性（EVI）的定量评估和长期分析,对于了解区域生态环境动态变化与指导生态环境保护与修复极为重要。但以往研究很少对跨境流域这一特殊单元进行生态脆弱性评价。以阿姆河流域为例,选择反映研究区植被、水文、气候、地形、土壤以及人类活动等方面的11个指标,通过共线性诊断分析,构建了阿姆河流域生态脆弱性评价体系,利用主观权重与客观权重相结合的方法确定指标权重,对1990-2015年研究区EVI进行了定量评价及时空特征分析。结果表明：（1）研究区生态环境呈恶化趋势,大部分区域处于重度脆弱状态,研究时段内重度脆弱性比例的平均值为46.40%;极度脆弱性占比在过去25年内呈增加趋势,从1990年的2.58%增加至2015年的16.97%,增幅为14.39%。（2）生态脆弱性在不同土地覆被类型之间差异巨大,其中草地的EVI值变化最大,裸地的生态环境最为脆弱,林地的生态脆弱性最小;研究区生态脆弱程度整体表现为裸地>灌丛>草地>耕地>城市用地>林地的规律。（3）EVI与地形因子的关系表明生态环境最为脆弱的区域主要位于低海拔地势平坦与高海拔坡度大的地区,而低脆弱性主要分布在海拔2500~3500 m或坡度15~25°的区间上。     

Molecular characterization of methanogenic microbial communities for degrading various types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Knowledge on methanogenic microbial communities associated with the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is crucial to developing strategies for PAHs bioremediation. In this study, the linkage between the type of PAHs and microbial community structure was fully investigated through 16S rRNA gene sequencing on four PAH-degrading cultures. Putative degradation products were also detected. Our results indicated that naphthalene (Nap)/2-methylnaphthalene (2-Nap), phenanthrene (Phe) and anthracene (Ant) sculpted different microbial communities. Among them, Nap and 2-Nap selected for similar degrading bacteria (i.e., Alicycliphilus and Thauera) and methanogens (Methanomethylovorans and Methanobacterium). Nap and 2-Nap were probably activated via carboxylation, producing 2-naphthoic acid. In contrast, Phe and Ant shaped different bacterial and archaeal communities, with Arcobacter and Acinetobacter being Phe-degraders and Thiobacillus Ant-degrader. Methanogenic archaea Methanobacterium and Methanomethylovorans predominated Phe-degrading and Ant-degrading culture, respectively. These findings can improve our understanding of natural PAHs attenuation and provide some guidance for PAHs bioremediation in methanogenic environment.     

COVID-19期间区域大气高污染发生的非线性动力机制

以长株潭城市群3个城市（长沙、株洲和湘潭）疫情期间（2020年1月24日~2020年5月31日）大气PM_2.5和O₃小时平均浓度时间序列数据为研究对象,对污染物日变化规律、长期持续性、多重分形性及自组织演化动力学特性进行研究.以期阐释疫情期间高污染事件发生及演化的内在动力机制.首先,对3个城市PM_2.5和O₃质量浓度的日变化规律进行分析,发现O₃呈现出昼高夜低的单峰型,而PM_2.5日变化规律表现出昼低夜高单峰型,与非疫情期间的特征有所差异.进一步,应用消除趋势波动分析法（DFA）、多重分形消除趋势波动分析法（MFDFA）和概率统计分析,研究了大气复合系统中PM_2.5和O₃质量浓度序列的长期持续性和多重分形结构.结果发现3个城市PM_2.5和O₃浓度序列均具有显著的长期持续性特征和较强的多重分形结构,同时,应用去趋势互相关分析法（DCCA）方法和多重分形去趋势互相关分析法（MFDCCA）对PM_2.5和O₃两者之间的互相关性进行了分析,发现PM_2.5-O₃之间的互相关也存在显著的长期持续性特征以及在不同时间尺度存在多重分形特征.进一步将疫情期间得到的非线性分析结果与2018年和2019年同期非疫情期间的结果进行了对比分析.最后,基于自组织临界理论（SOC）探讨了大气PM_2.5和O₃浓度时空演化的内在动力规律,并结合典型区域气象特征,阐明了SOC内禀动力机制可能是COVID-19疫情期间大气高污染形成的主导机制之一.疫情期间大气PM_2.5和O₃浓度并非分别独自演化,而是依然保持复杂的相互作用.静稳气象条件下,大气复合污染内部的非线性耦合作用可能达到动力学临界状态,将导致长株潭城市群在疫情期间仍有发生大气高污染的风险.     

污泥比例强化CANON系统抵御快速降温效能及机理

探究了3种不同颗粒及絮状污泥比例（高颗粒系统10：1~30：1;等量系统1：1~1：1.5;高絮状系统1：10~1：30）的单级自养脱氮系统（CANON）抵御快速降温的效能和机制.结果表明,CANON系统在30℃稳定运行后快速降温至10℃时,各系统的总氮去除负荷（NRR）均大幅下降,但等量系统的NRR始终高于其他系统.各系统的功能菌活性均与温度呈现出正相关关系,AAOB活性的下降幅度大于AOB和NOB的幅度,但等量系统中AAOB活性的下降幅度小于其他系统;快速降温不影响颗粒与絮状污泥功能菌的空间异质性和活性分布情况,但等量系统的空间异质性最为显著,能够较好的发挥颗粒和絮状污泥各自的作用,抵御快速降温的能力优于其他系统.     

土壤中塑料与微生物的相互作用及其生态效应

聚焦于土壤环境中包括微塑料在内的塑料污染,综述了微生物与土壤塑料相互作用的最新研究成果.主要内容包括：（i）土壤塑料的来源、迁移及其在土壤中长期贮存的基本特征;（ii）土壤微生物对塑料的影响;（iii）塑料污染对土壤微生物群落及酶活性、土壤动物、农作物生产以及对全球陆地生态系统功能的影响.最后,本文展望了未来相关研究的重点方向,包括功能微生物、实验参数设置、塑料圈、塑料与土壤微生物的大尺度及长期研究等,为从微生物角度认识和解决土壤塑料污染问题提供参考.     

Leaf metabolic influence of glyphosate and nanotubes on the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere

Chemical exposure can indirectly affect leaf microbiota communities, but the mechanism driving this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Results revealed that the co-exposure of glyphosate and multi-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) caused a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots. However, only a slight inhibitory effect was induced by nanotubes or glyphosate alone at the tested concentrations. Several intermediate metabolites of nitrogen metabolism and fatty acid synthesis pathways were upregulated under the combined treatment, which increased the amount of energy required to alleviate the disruption caused by the combined treatment. Additionally, compared with the two individual treatments, the glyphosate/nanotube combination treatment induced greater fluctuations in the phyllosphere bacterial community members with low abundance (relative abundance (RA) <1%) at both the family and genus levels, and among these bacteria some plant growth promotion and nutrient supplement related bacteria were markable increased. Strikingly, strong correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and metabolites suggested a potential role of leaf metabolism, particularly nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, in restricting the range of leaf microbial taxa. These correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and leaf metabolism will improve our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and the extent of their drivers of variation and the underlying causes of variability in bacterial community composition.     

Biodegradation of typical azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions

Widespread use of azole fungicides and low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have led to the elevated concentration of azole fungicides in receiving environment. However, there was limited research about the removal mechanism of azole fungicides in the biological treatment of WWTPs. Imidazole fungicide climbazole and triazole fungicide fluconazole were selected to investigate the biodegradation mechanism of azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Climbazole was found to be adsorbed to solid sludge and resulted in quick biodegradation. The degradation of climbazole in the aerobic activated sludge system was fitted well by the first-order kinetic model with a half-life of 5.3 days, while fluconazole tended to stay in liquid and had only about 30% of loss within 77 days incubation. Ten biotransformation products of climbazole were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry using suspect and non-target screening method. But no biodegradation products of fluconazole were identified due to its limited removal. The possible biodegradation pathways for climbazole were proposed based on the products identification and pathway prediction system, and involves oxidative dehalogenation, side chain oxidation and azole ring loss. The findings from this study suggest that it should be a concern for the persistence of fluconazole in the environment.