3S支持下的锡林郭勒盟旱灾救助区划研究

根据自然灾害区划和灾害救助理论,分别构建了内蒙古锡林郭勒盟灾前备灾能力、备灾物品、灾中应急响应能力和灾后恢复能力的模型,并利用先进的3S技术和计算机存储技术,综合得出锡林郭勒盟旱灾救灾等级区划.最后针对各个等级的旗县提出救助方案.     

Water resource conservation promotes synergy between economy and environment in China’s northern drylands

•Considering evenness provides a more accurate assessment of sustainable development. •Water resource conservation drives industrial transformation. •Synergy between economic development and environmental protection is achieved. •Regional collaboration over water could promote sustainable development in drylands. Water resource availability is the major limiting factor for sustainable development in drylands. Climate change intensifies the conflicting water demands between people and the environment and highlights the importance of effective water resource management for achieving a balance between economic development and environmental protection. In 2008, Inner Mongolia, typical dryland in northern China, proposed strict regulations on water exploitation and utilization aimed at achieving sustainable development. Our study is the first to investigate the effectiveness and performance of these long-standing water conservation regulations. Our analyses found that the regulations drove industrial transformation, evidenced by the decreasing proportion of environmentally harmful industries such as coal and steel, and the increasing proportion of tertiary industries (especially tourism). Following industrial transformation, economic development decoupled from industrial water consumption and subsequently led to reduced negative environmental impacts. Based on these results, adaptive strategies were developed for 12 cities by revealing and integrating their development pathways and relative status in achieving sustainable development. Integration and cooperation between cities were proposed, e.g., a water trade agreement between eastern Inner Mongolia (an economically underdeveloped region with relatively abundant water resources) and central Inner Mongolia (an economically developed region with high water stress). Such an agreement may enable the holistic achievement of sustainable development across regions. By integrating the findings of our research, our study presents a reproducible framework for water-management-based sustainable development strategies in drylands.     

Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: Degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures

Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos （CPF-MC） in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos （CPF-EC） in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20 mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 （±0.33） and 5.92 （±1.20） mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20 mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels （p 〉 0.05）. Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5 mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20 mg/kg treatments （p 〈 0.05） and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures （p 〈 0.05） and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.     

高浓度农村生活污水处理技术研究

随着城镇化的发展和农村经济水平的提高,农村生活污水已经成为影响中国农村水环境质量的主要因素之一。农村环境的恶化直接威胁农民群众的身体健康,阻碍农村经济发展,因此针对水质特点选择合适的工艺处理农村生活污水至关重要。针对中国部分农村生活污水浓度高的特征,介绍了适宜于中国农村的生活污水净化沼气池技术、生物滤池技术、高效藻类塘处理技术、生物转盘技术、吸附生物降解技术、SBR、人工湿地技术等的技术要点、优缺点、适用范围等,为中国农村地区生活污水处理提供参考。     

新型高效湿式脱硫除尘装置应用与改进

采用新型高效湿式脱硫除尘装置——螺旋式雾化脱硫除尘装置代替传统水沐式脱硫除尘装置,解决了某油田燃煤锅炉尾气中烟尘及SO2含量难以满足GB13271-2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的问题。并在推广应用中不断摸索改进,引入钙-钠双碱法替代钠碱法,提出用锅炉废水替代清水加碱法方式,以废治废,有效节约成本的同时也大大减少了污水排放。     

加速溶剂萃取/气相色谱质谱法测定鱼类样品中的多环麝香

建立了鱼类样品中5种多环麝香的分析方法.采用加速溶剂萃取(ASE)提取,经凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)以及中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,浓缩并定容洗脱液,用GC-SIM-MS进行检测.本方法对替代物标样荧蒽-d10.的回收率为92.7%-112.9%.以六氯苯(13C)为内标,5种合成麝香的线性范围为1.0-1000.0 ng·g...     

Vertical distribution characteristics of soil mercury and its formation mechanism in permafrost regions: A case study of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Continuing permafrost degradation is increasing the risk of mercury(Hg) exposure in the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP), but related studies are still limited, especially the ones on the detailed Hg migration processes in permafrost. The vertical distribution characteristics of soil Hg were investigated in three ecosystems in the Beiluhe area on the QTP, and its influencing factors and formation mechanism were investigated. The results indicate that the total soil mercury(...     

污水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素的分析方法

本文建立了固相萃取与高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用(HPLC-MS-MS)检测污水中8种氟喹诺酮类(FQs)抗生素残留的分析方法.样品经HLB固相萃取柱富集、净化后,用5%氨水-甲醇(V/V)溶液洗脱,洗脱液经N2浓缩定容后,以Acclaim 120 C18柱分离,高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪多反应监测正离子模式(MRM)定性、定量分析.以去离子水和污水为基质,诺氟沙星-d5为替代物进行回收率评价,8种氟喹诺酮类抗生素在加标浓度为100ng.l-1和25ng.l-1时的回收率为73.8%—113%和56.8%—115%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.60%—13.2%和3.70%—12.3%(n=4),方法检出限为0.2—1 ng.l-1.对北京市7大污水处理厂进出口污水中氟喹诺酮类抗生素进行残留分析,结果表明7大污水处理厂进出口污水中均有FQs检出,其中氧氟沙星含量最高.     

工业污染地6种乔木树种重金属累积特征研究

黄埔区是广州市工业污染较严重的地区,其中龟山是由污染导致土壤严重退化的典型地段。该地段植被退化,土壤重金属质量分数较高。为了探讨在这种工业污染区生存的植物对重金属的吸收能力以及不同树种吸收能力间的差异,选择该地段的台湾相思（Acacia confusa）、刺竹（Blumeana schult）、尾叶桉（Eucalypt urophylla）、高山榕（Ficus altissima）、小叶榕（Ficus microcarpa）和潺槁树（Litsea glutinosa）等6种乔木树种,采集其根、枝、叶等部位,测定Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的质量分数。结果表明：4种重金属在乔木中累积量大小依次是：Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,Zn累积量最大,为664.98mg·kg-1,Cd最小,仅为4.42mg·kg-1;各种重金属在乔木不同部位的累积量大小是：细根〉粗根〉叶子〉枝条,细根中各重金属累积量最大,为368.15mg·kg-1;6种乔木树种抗重金属能力比较,小叶榕重金属累积量均为455.60mg·kg-1,抗性最好;尾叶桉和潺槁树重金属累积量较多,均为179.86和221.63mg·kg-1,抗性较好;高山榕重金属累积量均为114.41mg·kg-1,抗性中等;台湾相思和刺竹分别为78.04和96.41mg·kg-1,抗性较差。     

乌梁素海沉积物中重金属形态分布特征及污染状况评价

以乌梁素海沉积物中重金属为研究对象,对9个采样点的表层沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As7种重金属总量和各形态进行了测定;并采用潜在生态危害评价方法对重金属总量和各形态进行污染评价.结果表明,重金属总量中Hg在全湖的潜在生态危害参数Eir(Eir=215.04)处于高潜在生态风险,全湖生态风险性综合指数RI为294.60,虽然处于中潜在生态风险,但是其值接近较高潜在生态风险.不同形态重金属中除残渣态(B4)以外,(B1+B2+B3)3种重金属形态之和在全湖的潜在生态风险性综合指数RI为122.34,处于低潜在生态风险,其中重金属Hg(Eir=92.20)的污染最为突出,应引起高度重视.