Eco-Environmental Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and the cradle of the Chinese civilization. The source region of the Yellow River is the most important water holding area for the Yellow River, about 49.2% of the whole runoff comes from this region. However, for the special location, it is a region with most fragile eco-environment in China as well. Eco-environmental degradation in the source region of the Yellow River has been a very serious ecological and socially economic problem. According to census data, historical documents and climatic information, during the last half century, especially the last 30 years, great changes have taken place in the eco-environment of this region. Such changes are mainly manifested in the temporal-spatial changes of water environment, deglaciation, permafrost reduction, vegetation degeneracy and desertification extent, which led to land capacity decreasing and river disconnecting. At present, desertification of the region is showing an accelerating tendency. This paper analyzes the present status of eco-environment degradation in this region supported by GIS and RS, as well as field investigation and indoor analysis, based on knowledge, multi-source data is gathered and the classification is worked out, deals with their natural and anthropogenic causes, and points out that in the last half century the desertification and environmental degradation of this region are mainly attributed to human activities under the background of regional climate changes. To halt further degradation of the environment of this region, great efforts should be made to use land resources rationally, develop advantages animal agriculture and protect the natural grassland.     

Comparison of Nitrate Levels in Raw Water and Finished Water from Historical Monitoring Data on Iowa Municipal Drinking Water Supplies

Nitrate contamination of water sources is a concern where large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers are regularly applied to soils. Ingested nitrate from dietary sources and drinking water can be converted to nitrite and ultimately to N-nitroso compounds, many of which are known carcinogens. Epidemiologic studies of drinking water nitrate and cancer report mixed findings; a criticism is the use of nitrate concentrations from retrospective drinking water data to assign exposure levels. Residential point-of-use nitrate data are scarce; gaps in historical data for municipal supply finished water hamper exposure classification efforts. We used generalized linear regression models to estimate and compare historical raw water and finished water nitrate levels (1960s--1990s) in single source Iowa municipal supplies to determine whether raw water monitoring data could supplement finished water data to improve exposure assessment. Comparison of raw water and finished water samples (same sampling date) showed a significant difference in nitrate levels in municipalities using rivers; municipalities using other surface water or alluvial groundwater had no difference in nitrate levels. A regional aggregation of alluvial groundwater municipalities was constructed based on results from a previous study showing regional differences in nitrate contamination of private wells; results from this analysis were mixed, dependent upon region and decade. These analyses demonstrate using historical raw water nitrate monitoring data to supplement finished water data for exposure assessment is appropriate for individual Iowa municipal supplies using alluvial groundwater, lakes or reservoirs. Using alluvial raw water data on a regional basis is dependent on region and decade.     

某天然气净化厂污水处理装置改造可行性研究

通过多次的现场调研、收集资料和水质监测,分析了引进天然气净化厂生产的产污环节,现有的污水处理装置的有关设计图纸及污水处理的运行情况.在此基础上,采用理论分析与实际问题相结合的方式,针对现有污水处理过程中的不足,提出了该厂的污水处置适应性改造的可行性研究.     

沈阳市苏家屯区危险废物管理、处置现状与对策

对沈阳市苏家屯区危险废物现状进行了调查,分析了危险废物的来源、产生量、特征及存在的主要问题。在此基础上,提出对危险废物管理处置对策,包括开展危险废物申报登记;加强苏家屯区危险废物监督管理;源头控制危险废物污染产生和建设危险废物集中处置场等。     

硝化悬浮填料塔中氨氧化细菌群落稳定性特征分析

利用PCR-DGGE分析技术,对于化学生物絮凝处理工艺中悬浮填料塔的氨氧化细菌(AOB)群落进行了研究。主要考察了曝气强度和水力停留时间2个运行参数调整的情况下,系统AOB群落结构的变化。生物膜样品直接取自硝化填料塔,多维尺度(MDS)方法用于DGGE电泳图谱的分析,分析结果以二维图形向量的方式显示,结果表明,曝气强度和水力停留时间均对AOB群落有一定的影响,主要的AOB种类在运行过程中基本不变,系统对于运行条件具有良好的稳定性。     

改性沸石(Na-Y型)对Ni2+的吸附行为

将天然沸石熔融制得新型改性沸石(Na-Y型),研究Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的吸附行为.结果表明,对Ni2 的饱和吸附量,Na-Y型沸石为31.04mg·g-1,而天然斜发沸石和Na型沸石(NaCl改性)仅为3.60mg·g-1和7.64 mg·g-1.Na-Y型沸石对Ni2 的等温吸附行为符合Freundlich方程.对溶液中Ni2 的吸附量在初始阶段(0-5h)快速上升,而后趋于平缓.共存阳离子对Na-Y型沸石吸附Ni2 的影响为:Co2 》Ca2 》Fe3 》 K .     

基于流域分析方法的湖泊水污染综合防治研究

鉴于流域思想在水污染防治中应用的重要性和必要性,提出了以流域保护方法、流域分析和景观生态学相关理论为基础的流域分析方法该方法将湖泊-流域水污染综合防治的主要内容界定为4部分:子流域划分与污染负荷预测,"源-途径-末端-汇"的污染防治工程和管理方案体系设计,备选技术方案的提出和方案优选,污染负荷的削减率计算和综合方案设计.以四川省邛海流域为例,在将流域划分为6个子流域的基础上,对TP入湖污染负荷进行了计算和预测,并识别出各子流域内污染物的贡献率,分区提出了以水土流失防治、点源和面源控制、河道生态修复、河流入湖口治理和内源疏浚为主体的污染防治方案,该方案可削减TP 22.5 t·a-1,达到了预期目标.     

我国危险废物特性鉴别技术体系研究

详细深入地调查分析了国外危险废物鉴别技术体系的特点和适用条件,以及我国危险废物管理的特点.在借鉴国内外经验与教训的基础上,提出了我国危险废物特性鉴别的技术路线及危险废物鉴别的环境保护目标,建立了危险废物鉴别技术的方法学.在充分研究的基础上,编制完成了全新的<国家危险废物名录>和<危险废物鉴别标准>,以及相应的规范和方法标准.这些技术文件形成了我国独特、完整的危险废物鉴别技术体系,为全面开展危险废物无害化管理提供了有力的技术支持.      

光电催化降解壬基酚影响因素研究

采用sol-gel法制备TiO2薄膜光电极,以该电极为工作电极,铂丝作对电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极,对壬基酚的光电催化降解进行了研究。结果表明:该电极具有n型半导体的特征行为。在外加偏压为+0.8V、pH=5、、30mg/L的H2O2中对初始浓度为20mg/L的壬基酚溶液光照180min降解率达62.22%。讨论了氧的存在、外加偏压、pH等因素对光电催化反应的影响。     

融合菌-活性污泥联合曝气吸附处理重金属铬

研究了融合菌RHJ-004与活性污泥联合曝气处理含铬废水的生物吸附性能。结果表明,融合菌RHJ-004与活性污泥联合曝气对铬具有良好的处理效果,投加10g/L菌体、6g/L污泥,处理50mg/L的铬液,还原率可达83.26%,去除率达72.04%。该吸附剂对处理酸性含铬废水具有很大的潜力,在pH=1￣5时,还原率均>80%,去除率均>70%;溶解氧是影响该吸附过程的一个重要参数,当DO=2￣4mg/L时,生物吸附效果较好,还原率达到75%以上,去除率也超过65%;融合菌RHJ-004与活性污泥对六价铬的联合吸附可用Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型描述,但Freundlich模型的拟合效果更好。