北京市机动车污染分担率的研究

研究建立了以GIS为平台的北京市机动车排放清单,获得了北京市规划市区内分车型以及分区域的机动车排放分担率.在此基础上,采用修正的ISCST3模型模拟了1995年规划市区CO和NO_x浓度的时空分布情况,并分析了机动车排放对北京市大气浓度的贡献率.结果表明,1995年北京市规划市区CO和NO_x的年排放分担率分别达到了76.8%和40.2%;相应的年浓度分担率则分别为76.5%和68.4%,在城市中心区以及道路边2种污染物的浓度分担率则更高.因此,在北京市对机动车排放污染实施控制是有效削减CO和NO_x的主要途径.     

区域环境负荷计量的当量因子法——以广东省佛山市富营养化污染负荷为例

提出了一种基于当量因子的环境负荷计量方法,其原理是根据不同环境干扰因子对同一种环境影响类型的相对贡献大小来进行计量.具体包括环境影响类型的确定、环境干扰因子的识别与归类,以及按当量关系进行汇总3个步骤.该方法可为区域环境规划与污染控制提供技术支持.以广东省佛山市富营养化污染负荷计量为实证进行了研究.结果表明,2001年排放的富营养化污染负荷量约为437.0kt NO₃^-当量,其中贡献最大的是农业生产部门,其次是工业生产部门和人类生活.主要污染物是氨的排放,其次是NO_x的排放.     

长江水系沉积物中重金属的赋存形态

分析了长江干流和主要支流的沉积物样品中重金属(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg)的含量和赋存形态.结果表明:除Zn外,长江流域水系沉积物中重金属的污染程度总体呈上升趋势,其中,Cd的污染较为严重,Cd主要以可交换态的形式存在,长江水系沉积物中Zn,Pb以及Cu具有相似的同源性,而Cd,As,Hg以及Cr则另为一类.     

降解五氯酚的微好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其微生物种群分析

在微好氧的条件下培养出颗粒污泥并用含五氯酚(PCP)的废水对颗粒污泥进行驯化,研究了培养过程中颗粒污泥的MLSS、SVI、粒径以及对COD和PCP处理能力的变化.颗粒污泥培养成熟后, PCP和COD的去除率分别达到85.3%和86.1%.用扫描电镜观察了颗粒污泥的结构,颗粒污泥内细菌种群丰富,大多数为短杆菌和球菌.同时采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对培养出的微好氧颗粒污泥以及用PCP驯化后的颗粒污泥中微生物的种群进行了初步分析和对比,用PCP驯化后的微生物种群发生了较明显的动态变化,新增了某些菌群,如不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、变形杆菌(Proteobacterium)和硫酸盐还原菌等.图6表2参20     

海河冲积平原区农用地综合生产能力空间差异

以海河冲积平原区为例,通过典型样点调查建立样点标准粮和相应的农用地自然质量等级指数的函数方程,求算理论生产能力;结合近3a(2003-2005年)的粮食实际产量,分析农用地的粮食增产潜力、农用地利用强度及其整理优势.结果表明:全区耕地粮食理论总生产能力为3.03×107t,远高于近3a1.49×107t的粮食平均实际产量,目前该区粮食安全的耕地资源保障程度较高.通过整理优势分析,划定了区域的不同整理优势级别,整理优势大的区域主要集中在冀中南冲积平原区,受灌溉条件、农田基础设施、管理水平的限制,粮食生产能力的开发程度低,粮食生产有较大的增产空间.     

Components of information for multiple resolution comparison between maps that share a real variable

This paper presents quantitative methods that allow scientists to compare the patterns in two maps that show a shared real variable. Specifically, this paper shows how to budget various components of agreement and disagreement between maps. The components are based on the separation of a map’s information of quantity from its information of location. The technique also examines how variation in resolution influences the measurement of the components of information. The manner in which the measurements change as a function of spatial resolution can be more important and interesting than the results at any single particular resolution, because the results at a single particular resolution may indicate more about the format of the data than about the overall pattern in the landscape. An example illustrates the mathematical concepts, and an application compares mapped vegetation indices in Africa to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach vis-à-vis a conventional approach. The results are presented visually in the form of stacked bar graphs that show separable components of information. The entire analysis is performed twice, each time with a different mathematical measurement of deviation: (1) root mean square error, and (2) mean absolute error. This paper compares these two approaches and discusses their relative advantages and disadvantages. Hopefully, this approach of budgeting components of information at multiple resolutions will become adopted as standard practice in the measurement of patterns.

黄土高原地区水资源承载力动态变化及灰色拓扑预测——以山西、陕西、宁夏、甘肃四省为例

研究水资源承载力对促进区域水资源的合理开发和保证经济可持续发展具有十分重要的作用.文章采用模糊综合评价方法,以水资源利用率、降水量、人均占有水量和生态用水量作为评价因素,首次对黄土高原水资源承载力进行了大尺度综合评价,并建立灰色拓扑预测模型对其动态变化进行预测,在此基础上提出了黄土高原水资源可持续利用对策.结果表明:黄土高原四省水资源承载力在1994-2004年间总体上呈缓慢上升趋势,水资源开发潜力呈微弱增大趋势;但值得注意的是,黄土高原水资源开发已有一定规模,其水环境仍十分脆弱,需要进一步作好节水和水资源的保护工作.     

工业废弃地再开发的可持续性评价方法回顾

可持续发展取得共识后,可持续性评价工具大量出现,工业废弃地再开发中也广泛应用.根据对可持续性理解的不同,工业废弃地再开发的可持续性评价方法可以分为目标驱动型和过程驱动型两大类型:目标驱动型往往扩展为"目标-指标评价法",而且根据目标的差异,可以分为单项和综合方法,后者可分为制度性和参与性框架,参与性框架又可以分为自上而下型和自下而上型;过程驱动型包括SEA驱动型和EIA驱动型,前者往往与相关的土地规划有关,后者通常以项目为基础.总之,工业废弃地再开发可持续性评价方法的演进与其基础理论演变和社会变化有密切关系,一方面日益与开发和决策过程相结合,另一方面也更加关注公共参与.借鉴各国工业废弃地可持续再开发的经验,把握可持续性评价的发展趋势,将促进我国城市土地资源的可持续利用,有利于构建"资源集约型"、"环境友好型"的循环型社会.     

Simulation analysis of environmental risk accident and management of high-sulfur gas field development in complex terrain

Environmental risk of high sulfur gas field exploitation has become one of the hot spots of environmental management studies. Severe gas H₂S blowout accidents in recent years have shown that poor understanding and estimates of the poisonous gas movement could lead to dangerous evacuation delays. It is important to evaluate the real concentration of H₂S, especially in complex terrain. Traditional experiential models are not valid in the case of rough terrain, especially in low-lying areas where the gas accumulates. This study, using high sulfur content gas field of Sichuan “Pu Guang gas field” as study object and adopting objective diagnosis of wind field of land following coordinate three dimensions, applied Lagrangian Puff Model and breaking up technique of puffs to simulate the H₂S diffusion condition of blowout accidents produced in the high sulfur content gas field of complex terrain area. The results showed that the H₂S distribution did not occur mainly in low wind direction, and due to the obstruction of the mountain’s body, it accumulated in front of mountain on produced turn over, flowed around submitted jumping type distribution. The mountain waist near the hilltop and low hollow river valley site rapture points simulating contrast showed that the higher the rapture point, the better the diffusing condition of pollutant, the distribution of risk sensitive point decided piping rupture environmental risk size combining the H₂S diffusion result and residential area dispersing in the study area, synthetic judge located in the high rapture point environmental risk was smaller than the low hollow point, thus it was suggested to carryout laying of lining build of equal high line of higher terrain. According to simulation results, the environmental risk management measures aimed at putting down adverse effects were worked out.     

高效脱色菌群的脱色、产酶及群落分析

富集筛选到2组能够在开放条件下对多种染料和造纸废水高效脱色的混合菌群,以该混合菌群构建的生物膜反应器在连续运行条件下,对COD为750～1175mg/L、色度为200～320的染料废水进行脱色、降解,脱色率为80%～90%、COD去除率为69%～90%.该混合菌群能够在不同染料培养基中、造纸废水或染料废水中产生木质素降解酶系统中的1种或2种酶.分析表明,2组菌群中真菌与细菌的比例为6.8:1～51.8:1,优势微生物种类为真菌,从中分离出16株真菌,其中8株对活性红M-3BE具有明显脱色效果.