水力条件对复合人工湿地处理城市受污染河水效果的影响

通过对水力负荷、水力停留时间等水力条件的控制,观察其对复合垂直上行流人工湿地处理城市受污染河水效果的影响.一年多来的运行结果表明:水力条件对复合垂直上行流人工湿地去除其他污染物的影响显著,但对总氮去除的影响不大.水力停留时间的延长可提高总磷、氨氮、COD的去除效果;随着水力负荷的增加,总磷、氨氮、COD去除率都有所增加...     

聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解样品测定五氧化二钒

利用聚四氟乙烯高压密封罐消解矿石样品测定五氧化二钒，具有操作手续相对简便、轻松、快捷等优点，与传统的硫酸－磷酸混合酸消解或采用碱熔融前处理法比较，相对误差小于１．６％，样品的添加标准回收率为９２．９％～１０３．５％。     

River channel network design for drought and flood control: A case study of Xiaoqinghe River basin, Jinan City, China

Vulnerability of river channels to urbanization has been lessened by the extensive construction of artificial water control improvements. The challenge, however, is that traditional engineering practices on isolated parts of a river may disturb the hydrologic continuity and interrupt the natural state of ecosystems. Taking the Xiaoqinghe River basin as a whole, we developed a river channel network design to mitigate river risks while sustaining the river in a state as natural as possible. The river channel risk from drought during low-flow periods and flood during high-flow periods as well as the potential for water diversion were articulated in detail. On the basis of the above investigation, a network with “nodes” and “edges” could be designed to relieve drought hazard and flood risk respectively. Subsequently, the shortest path algorithm in the graph theory was applied to optimize the low-flow network by searching for the shortest path. The effectiveness assessment was then performed for the low-flow and high-flow networks, respectively. For the former, the network connectedness was evaluated by calculating the “gamma index of connectivity” and “alpha index of circuitry”; for the latter, the ratio of flood-control capacity to projected flood level was devised and calculated. Results show that the design boosted network connectivity and circuitry during the low-flow periods, indicating a more fluent flow pathway, and reduced the flood risk during the high-flow periods.     

无定型纳米TiO2吸附去除饮用水中的低浓度As(Ⅲ)

研究了纳米无定型TiO2颗粒对饮用水中低浓度的三价砷As(Ⅲ)吸附行为。纳米TiO2颗粒吸附剂的BET表面积为205 m2/g,计算的BJH吸附平均孔径为4.02 nm(4 V/A)。对起始As(Ⅲ)浓度为150μg/L的模拟含砷水,经过5h的吸附处理后残余浓度不足4μg/L,As(Ⅲ)去除率达到97%。反应起始阶段吸附速率较快,84%的As(Ⅲ)能够在20min内去除。As(Ⅲ)吸附动力学较好地符合拟二级动力学模式。最佳As(Ⅲ)吸附pH为9.3,低于此值,随酸性增加吸附速率有所降低;而高于此值的强碱性pH对吸附有强烈抑制作用。在平衡浓度较低的情形下(10～220μg/L),Lang-muir,Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)吸附等温式均可较好拟合吸附行为,但中性和弱碱性条件下更符合Fre-undlich吸附等温式;平衡浓度大于220μg/L,吸附容量随平衡浓度增加而迅速增加,最大吸附容量在低浓度下达到4.79 mg/g。     

混凝辅助电化学法处理橙黄G染料废水

以石墨板为阳极，研究了电化学氧化法对橙黄G染料废水的降解效果。比较了在NaCl、Na2 SO4以及NaCl与FeSO4·7H2O组合的支持电解质体系中的处理效果，同时考察了电压、初始pH、电解质浓度、电极间距和电解时间等因素对废水中橙黄G脱色率及COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明，橙黄G的脱色主要是活性氯的氧化作用，橙黄G分子的矿化可能主要是电解过程中产生的·OH的作用，FeSO4·7H2O的加入增加了混凝作用，使得处理效果进一步提高。最佳脱色条件下橙黄G脱色率和COD的去除率分别为97．6％和56．3％，B／C（BOD／COD）由0．09提高至0．41，可生化性有较大改善，并且随着降解时间的增加，COD去除率逐渐升高。此结果表明，橙黄G废水COD的去除相对于脱色存在滞后性。     

狭长空间内火灾烟气与人员疏散控制研究

本文采用了理论分析、火灾与疏散的组合模拟程序FDS＋EVAC，以一狭长空间为例，进行了火灾烟气作用时的人员疏散仿真研究，分析了通风排烟设备对火灾烟气运动和人员疏散的影响。     

Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors

A new air exchange rate (AER) monitoring method using continuous CO₂ sensors was developed and validated through both laboratory experiments and field studies. Controlled laboratory simulation tests were conducted in a 1-m³ environmental chamber at different AERs (0.1-10.0 hr^-1). AERs were determined using the decay method based on box model assumptions. Field tests were conducted in classrooms, dormitories, meeting rooms and apartments during 2-5 weekdays using CO₂ sensors coupled with data loggers. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations were continuously monitored while outdoor parameters combined with on-site climate conditions were recorded. Statistical results indicated that good laboratory performance was achieved: duplicate precision was within 10%, and the measured AERs were 90%-120% of the real AERs. Average AERs were 1.22, 1.37, 1.10, 1.91 and 0.73 hr^-1 in dormitories, air-conditioned classrooms, classrooms with an air circulation cooling system, reading rooms, and meeting rooms, respectively. In an elderly particulate matter exposure study, all the homes had AER values ranging from 0.29 to 3.46 hr??1 in fall, and 0.12 to 1.39 hr^-1 in winter with a median AER of 1.15.     

运用三维荧光光谱解析高温厌氧产氢反应过程对温度变化的响应

为建立反应器运行状态的荧光光谱快速监测方法,应用三维荧光光谱表征了高温厌氧反应器的出水,采用平行因子分析方法分析后得到3种荧光组分——蛋白质、辅酶NADH和核黄素,并获得它们的激发发射光谱图及相对浓度.结果表明,当温度从50 ℃上升到60 ℃的过程中,3种荧光物质的相对浓度均呈现相应的变化,它们与反应器的运行参数呈现明显相关性.进一步研究表明,核黄素是高温厌氧产氢反应中的特有荧光物质,采用标准加入法和二阶校正方法可以测定其实际浓度,出水中核黄素浓度变化范围为0.04~0.13 mg·L^-1.该研究为厌氧产氢反应器的运行监控提供了理论基础.     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from different soil fractions by persulfate oxidation

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different soil fractions of contaminated soil was investigated by using activated persulfate oxidation remediation in our research. The results showed that the light fraction, which accounted for only 10% of the soil, contained 30% of the PAHs at a concentration of 4352?mg/kg. The heavy fraction contained more high-molecular-weight PAHs, and the total PAH concentration was 625?mg/kg. After being oxidized, the removal rate of PAHs was 39% in the light fraction and nearly 90% in the heavy fraction. Among the different fractions of the heavy fraction, humic acid contained the highest concentration of PAHs, and consequently, the highest removal efficiency of PAHs was also in humic acid. Compared with the light fraction, the heavy fraction has more aromatic compounds and those compounds were broken down during the oxidation process, which may be the removal mechanism involved in the oxidation of high-ring PAHs. Similarly, the enhancement of C = C bonds after oxidation can also explain the poor removal of high-ring PAHs in the light fraction. These results imply that different fractions of soil vary in composition and structure, leading to differences in the distribution and oxidation efficiencies of PAHs.     

荣成天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性和时空分布

磷是滨海湿地生产力的关键限制因素之一,有机磷的矿化分解是湿地活性磷的重要补充途径。本文以滨海荣成天鹅湖湿地为研究对象,通过采集不同季节、不同点位的表层水样,利用酶水解技术研究了天鹅湖水体有机磷的生物有效性及其时空变化规律。研究表明:(1)天鹅湖已经出现轻度富营养化。有机磷是天鹅湖水体总磷(TP)重要组成部分,其中溶解态有机磷(DOP)的含量为0.039～0.123 mg/L,占水体TP的29%～74%,颗粒态有机磷(POP)的含量为0.011～0.073mg/L,占水体TP的11%～25%。(2)在有机磷中,24%～31%的DOP和41%～82%的POP是潜在的生物可利用磷。(3)天鹅湖DOP遵循春夏高而秋冬含量低的特点。有机磷空间分布非均一性,DOP主要分布在湖中区和入河口区。POP集中分布在北部入河口和湖心区及其北部沙滩区域。另外,通过相关性分析表明,有机磷与水环境因子关系密切,DOP和溶解态酶水解有机磷(DEHP)的含量可以指示水体富营养化程度。总之,水体有机磷循环供磷可能是造成水体富营养化的重要原因。因此,在富营养化的防治过程中应该采取有效措施防治有机磷的矿化。