秋、冬季渤海溶解N2O的分布和通量及其影响因素

通过2019年10月和12月对渤海海域进行的调查及样品采集,分析溶解N₂O的分布和影响因素,并估算其海-气交换通量。结果表明：秋季表层海水溶解N₂O浓度为(8.2±0.5)nmol/L,饱和度为(97.5±4.7)%;冬季浓度为(11.0±0.8)nmol/L,饱和度为(93.8±4.5)%。渤海表层海水溶解N₂O浓度呈现明显的季节性差异,冬季浓度高于秋季,且高值区均集中在黄河口以及莱州湾附近。秋季渤海溶解N₂O处于接近饱和状态,冬季则处于不饱和状态。温度、陆源淡水输入以及沉积物-水界面交换对渤海溶解N₂O的分布有重要影响。2019年10月和12月黄河向渤海输入N₂O的量分别约为4.2×10⁴ mol和1.1×10⁴ mol,是渤海N₂O的重要来源,而秋、冬季渤海底层的沉积物既可能是渤海水体N₂O的源,也可能是其汇。秋季和冬季渤海N₂O海-气交换通...     

Response of ammonia-oxidizing archaea to heavy metal contamination in freshwater sediment

It has been well-documented that the distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) and archaea(AOA) in soils can be affected by heavy metal contamination, whereas information about the impact of heavy metal on these ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in freshwater sediment is still lacking. The present study explored the change of sediment ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in a freshwater reservoir after being accidentally contaminated by industrial discharge containing high levels of metals. Bacterial amoA gene was found to be below the quantitative PCR detection and was not successfully amplified by conventional PCR. The number of archaeal amoA gene in reservoir sediments were 9.62 × 10~2–1.35 × 10~7 copies per gram dry sediment. AOA abundance continuously decreased, and AOA richness, diversity and community structure also considerably varied with time. Therefore, heavy metal pollution could have a profound impact on freshwater sediment AOA community. This work could expand our knowledge of the effect of heavy metal contamination on nitrification in natural ecosystems.     

四种典型大气环境下7B50铝合金的腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究湿热海洋、干热沙漠、寒冷乡村、暖温高原四种典型大气环境对7B50铝合金腐蚀行为的影响.方法 采用户外大气自然环境暴露试验,通过宏观腐蚀形貌分析、金相显微形貌分析、腐蚀深度分析和拉伸性能分析,对比研究7B50-T7751和7B50-T77511两种铝合金在不同大气环境中的腐蚀行为和规律.结果 暴露试验周期为3 a时,7B50-T7751铝合金在湿热海洋大气环境中腐蚀严重,局部最大腐蚀深度为166μm,抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别下降了5％和25％;在干热沙漠大气环境下腐蚀较重,局部最大腐蚀深度为44μm;在寒冷乡村、暖温高原大气环境下未见明显腐蚀.7B50-T77511铝合金在四种典型大气环境下均表现出明显腐蚀,局部最大腐蚀深度分别为141、80、42、29μm.结论 两种7B50铝合金在典型大气环境中表现出不同的耐蚀性,在微观上均表现为点蚀和晶间腐蚀的混合腐蚀,具有明显的晶间腐蚀和剥蚀倾向.两种铝合金暴露在相同大气环境中时,7B50-T7751板材耐蚀性较7B50-T77511型材略好.     

赤铁矿对园林落叶植物生物质水解液中溶解性芳香物质的调控效果

植物生物质作为污水反硝化脱氮碳源,存在出水色度和COD升高的问题,木质素水解产生的多酚类物质等芳香化合物是导致该问题的根本原因.由于赤铁矿对木质素酚具有吸附潜力,本研究尝试采用赤铁矿调控植物生物质厌氧水解产生的溶解性芳香物质,避免其进入水解液后形成不易被反硝化利用的COD和色度.研究利用预处理园林树木黄葛榕落叶和赤铁矿形成共厌氧水解系统,以未加入赤铁矿的系统为对照,考察了赤铁矿共厌氧对水解液的UV₂₅₄、SCOD、挥发性有机酸、亚铁等影响;在此基础上进一步分析了赤铁矿对预处理黄葛榕落叶厌氧水解液中多酚类物质的吸附去除特性.结果表明,与无赤铁矿的厌氧水解系统相比,赤铁矿的共厌氧能有效地降低水解液的UV₂₅₄,并提升SCOD和乙酸产生速度和浓度,但后期会发生活跃的铁还原过程;赤铁矿能够有效地吸附去除黄葛榕木质纤维素厌氧水解液中的多酚类物质,吸附过程与准一级动力学方程拟合效果相对优于准二级.根据Langmuir方程对其吸附等温线拟合结果,赤铁矿对多酚的饱和吸附量为1.399 mg·g^-1;黄葛榕落叶厌氧水解液经赤铁矿的吸附处理后,以其配制的纤维素酶液的滤纸酶活提升了11.68%.因此,共厌氧系统中赤铁矿对多酚类物质的吸附去除,不但降低了水解液中溶解性芳香有机化合物的含量,而且也可以缓解多酚类物质对纤维素酶等水解酶活性的抑制,提升反硝化碳源乙酸生产性能.赤铁矿与落叶植物生物质共厌氧水解在调控水解液溶解性芳香类物质、提升水解液反硝化性能方面具有应用潜力.     

玉米—大豆轮作体系对黑土土壤固氮菌群落结构及其质量的影响

以大豆连作（CS）、玉米连作（CM）、玉米—大豆轮作（MS）、玉米—玉米—大豆（MMS）和玉米—大豆—大豆（MSS）为研究对象,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序分析种植制度对土壤固氮菌丰度和群落结构的影响。结果表明：轮作中土壤有机质（SOM）、全磷（TP）、有效氮（AN）和有效磷（AP）的含量显著高于连作;轮作固氮菌丰度显著高于CM,显著低于CS;MMS与MSS固氮菌多样性显著高于CM;轮作和连作土壤固氮菌群落结构差异明显,全氮（TN）是固氮菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子,种植制度通过土壤化学性质间接影响固氮菌丰度和多样性。这说明,在吉林省西部半干旱区,MSS与MMS更有利于土壤固氮菌繁殖,可以从微生物学的角度为合理种植和氮素调控提供科学依据。     

纳米银与微塑料在模拟垃圾填埋柱中的共迁移特征

以模拟垃圾填埋柱和人工配制渗滤液,探讨了纳米银（AgNPs）和微塑料（MPs）在垃圾填埋场中的迁移行为.结果发现,无论是单体系还是二元体系,随着填埋时间增长,AgNPs和MPs颗粒在渗滤液中稳定性增强,在填埋场中迁移能力增大,可能导致填埋中晚期有更多的污染颗粒随渗滤液流出填埋场.当AgNPs和MPs共存时,相对于单体系促进了AgNPs的迁移而轻微地抑制了MPs的迁移.结合DLVO理论和胶体过滤理论分析,一方面是由于流动性更高的MPs可作为AgNPs的载体,同时与AgNPs竞争固相介质上的吸附位点,从而促进AgNPs的迁移.另一方面,共存的AgNPs降低了MPs颗粒的表面负电荷使其稳定性减弱,并通过预沉积在固相介质上提供额外的MPs沉积位点,从而抑制MPs的迁移.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

Herbicide promotes the conjugative transfer of multi-resistance genes by facilitating cellular contact and plasmid transfer

The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), especially via plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer, is becoming a pervasive health threat. While our previous study found that herbicides can accelerate the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs in soil bacteria, the underlying mechanisms by which herbicides promote the HGT of ARGs across and within bacterial genera are still unclear. Here, the underlying mechanism associated with herbicide-promoted HGT was analyzed by detecting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, extracellular polymeric substance composition, cell membrane integrity and proton motive force combined with genome-wide RNA sequencing. Exposure to herbicides induced a series of the above bacterial responses to promote HGT except for the ROS response, including compact cell-to-cell contact by enhancing pilus-encoded gene expression and decreasing cell surface charge, increasing cell membrane permeability, and enhancing the proton motive force, providing additional power for DNA uptake. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the risk of bacterial resistance spread promoted by herbicides, which elucidates a new perspective on nonantibiotic agrochemical acceleration of the HGT of ARGs.     

Sulfur deposition simulations over China, Japan, and Korea: a model intercomparison study for abating sulfur emission

In response to increasing trends in sulfur deposition in Northeast Asia, three countries in the region (China, Japan, and Korea) agreed to devise abatement strategies. The concepts of critical loads and source?Creceptor (S?CR) relationships provide guidance for formulating such strategies. Based on the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (LTP) project, this study analyzes sulfur deposition data in order to optimize acidic loads over the three countries. The three groups involved in this study carried out a full year (2002) of sulfur deposition modeling over the geographic region spanning the three countries, using three air quality models: MM5-CMAQ, MM5-RAQM, and RAMS-CADM, employed by Chinese, Japanese, and Korean modeling groups, respectively. Each model employed its own meteorological numerical model and model parameters. Only the emission rates for SO₂ and NO_x obtained from the LTP project were the common parameter used in the three models. Three models revealed some bias from dry to wet deposition, particularly the latter because of the bias in annual precipitation. This finding points to the need for further sensitivity tests of the wet removal rates in association with underlying cloud?Cprecipitation physics and parameterizations. Despite this bias, the annual total (dry plus wet) sulfur deposition predicted by the models were surprisingly very similar. The ensemble average annual total deposition was 7,203.6?±?370 kt S with a minimal mean fractional error (MFE) of 8.95?±?5.24?% and a pattern correlation (PC) of 0.89?C0.93 between the models. This exercise revealed that despite rather poor error scores in comparison with observations, these consistent total deposition values across the three models, based on LTP group's input data assumptions, suggest a plausible S?CR relationship that can be applied to the next task of designing cost-effective emission abatement strategies.     

Phytoremediation of pyrene contaminated soils amended with compost and planted with ryegrass and alfalfa

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were planted in pots to remediate pyrene contaminated quartz sand (as a control group), alluvial and red soils amended with and without compost. The pyrene degradation percentages in quartz sand, alluvial soil, and red soil amended with compost (5%, w/w) and planted with ryegrass and alfalfa for 90 d growth were 98-99% and 97-99%, respectively, while those of pyrene in the corresponding treatments amended without compost but planted with ryegrass and alfalfa were 91-96% and 58-89%, respectively. Further, those of pyrene in the respective treatments amended with and without compost but unplanted were 54-77% and 51-63%, respectively. Pyrene contents in both roots and aboveground parts of ryegrass and alfalfa after 90 d growth in quartz sand and the two soils amended with or without compost were trace amounts. Statistical analyses for the parameters of ryegrass planted in red and alluvial soils including the concentrations of total water-soluble volatile low molecular weight organic acids, microbial population, pyrene degradation percentage, and spiked pyrene concentration show significant correlations at 5% and mostly 1% probability levels, by the analysis of variance. It was thus suggested that the interactions among the consortia of plant root exudates, microorganisms, and amended compost in rhizosphere soils could facilitate bioavailability of pyrene and subsequently enhance its dissipation.