潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾风险分析及避难转移安置研究

以潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾避难转移安置为研究对象,利用Mike21技术,建立潖江蓄滞洪区洪水演进数值模型,模拟北江遭遇300年一遇洪水时,在潖江口泄洪,潖江蓄滞洪区内洪水演进,分析潖江蓄滞洪区洪灾风险.通过实地调查,结合历史洪水情况,利用潖江蓄滞洪区DEM数据、Google地图及最快避难转移安置时间分析法,详细设计了潖江蓄滞洪区内各行政村落遭遇洪灾时避难转移与人员安置,为潖江蓄滞洪区启用预案科学编制及防洪减灾提供科学依据.     

330MW火电机组一次调频分析与优化

针对国电宁夏石嘴山发电有限公司一次调频响应缓慢、调频幅度与设定值偏差较大等问题,对产生原因进行分析,提出优化方案。结果表明:数字式电液控制系统(DigitalElectronic Hydraulic control system, DEH)一次调频存在滞后环节,严重影响调频速率及调频幅度,经过参数优化后,一次调频功能满足了电网调频要求。     

Effect of weathering on abundance and release of potentially toxic elements in soils developed on Lower Cambrian black shales, P. R. China

This paper examines the geochemical features of 8 soil profiles developed on metalliferous black shales distributed in the central parts of the South China black shale horizon. The concentrations of 21 trace elements and 8 major elements were determined using ICP-MS and XRF, respectively, and weathering intensity (W) was calculated according to a new technique recently proposed in the literature. The data showed that the black shale soils inherited a heterogeneous geochemical character from their parent materials. A partial least square regression model and EF_bedrock (enrichment factor normalized to underlying bedrock) indicated that W was not a major control in the redistribution of trace metals. Barium, Sn, Cu, V, and U tended to be leached in the upper soil horizons and trapped by Al and Fe oxides, whereas Sb, Cd, and Mo with negative EF values across the whole profiles may have been leached out during the first stage of pedogenesis (mainly weathering of black shale). Compared with the Chinese average soils, the soils were strongly enriched in the potentially toxic metals Mo, Cd, Sb, Sn, U, V, Cu, and Ba, among which the 5 first listed were enriched to the highest degrees. Elevated concentrations of these toxic metals can have a long-term negative effect on human health, in particular, the soils in mining areas dominated by strongly acidic conditions. As a whole, the black shale soils have much in common with acid sulfate soils. Therefore, black shale soils together with acid sulfate soils deserve more attention in the context of metal exposure and human health.     

厌氧氨氧化工艺的抑制现象

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺因其高效低耗优势,在废水生物脱氮领域中具有广阔的应用前景.然而,基质、有机物、盐度、重金属、磷酸盐及硫化物等物质对Anammox工艺产生的抑制作用制约了工艺的推广应用.基质主要通过游离氨和游离亚硝酸对Anammox产生抑制,而温度和pH是基质抑制的重要调控参数.非致毒性有机物对Anammox的作用因其种类跟浓度而异.在较低的浓度条件下对Anammox的抑制作用不显著,而高于抑制阈值将严重抑制Anammox.其抑制机制尚无定论.部分研究证明致毒性有机物(醇、醛、酚及抗生素等)对Anammox具有抑制作用,但研究有待拓展深化.超过抑制阈值的盐度会抑制Anammox活性,但合适的盐度(3~15 g L-1NaCl)却能够促进Anammox生物颗粒的形成.重金属对Anammox的抑制报道较少.因试验条件及菌种等的差异使得磷酸盐及硫化物对Anammox的抑制在不同试验中存在很大差异.Anammox抑制是可控的,通过pH和温度调节、基质浓度及负荷控制、污泥驯化以及添加辅助剂等方法可解除或缓解抑制.建议今后在特种废水的Anammox脱氮、复合抑制以及Anammox抑制的分子生态学机理等方面开展深入研究.     

秸秆还田配施化肥及微生物菌剂对水田土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响

土壤微生物学特性是表征土壤质量的重要生物学指标。通过田间试验研究了秸秆还田配施不同配比化肥及微生物菌剂对水田土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响。结果表明,与单施秸秆相比,秸秆还田配施N、P、K及微生物菌剂后,土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶和尿酶活性分别提高了37.5%~68.8%、32.3%~61.5%和48.8%~102%,细菌和真菌数量分别提高了95.3%~174%、286%~351%,放线菌数量减少了34.5%~39.4%,差异显著。统计分析显示,土壤过氧化氢酶与尿酶活性之间及其酶活性与微生物数量之间关系密切。氨化细菌和硝化细菌数量主要控制土壤过氧化氢酶活性,真菌数量是转化酶活性的主要影响因素,而尿酶活性主要受细菌数量影响。秸秆还田配施微生物菌剂及平衡施肥可以促进酶活性的增强,使土壤微生物群落物种个体数增加更多,分布更为均匀。过量施用氮肥会抑制土壤酶活性和微生物的生长和繁殖。     

程海藻类植物种群结构和数量的周年变化特征

2009年10月—2010年9月,在程海湖设置了3个断面9个采样点,对程海藻类植物进行了逐月采样调查。结果表明：程海藻类植物种类175种（变种）,种类组成结构特点以硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻为主;数量组成结构特点则是蓝藻占绝对优势,表现出典型的富营养化蓝藻型特征。细胞丰度为390.16×104~51 435.0×104个.L-1之间,年平均4 851.75×104个.L-1。年内时间分布呈现出3次波峰与3次波谷,每一次高峰的出现都伴随着不同种类为主的蓝藻水华暴发;水平分布在种类上无明显差异,数量上则表现出南部断面最低,中部断面次之,北部断面最高;垂直分布以表层最多,底层最低,5.0~20.0 m水柱中差异不明显。与1985年相比,种类组成中硅藻比重下降而蓝绿藻比重上升,一些对环境敏感的种类消失,优势种群发生演变,年内数量变动由单峰型发展为多峰型,湖泊富营养化进一步发展。提出了大力削减入湖污染物、增强湖泊生态系统的功能等控制富营养化的对策建议。     

我国削减并逐步替代全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)的策略与建议

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)具有低表面张力、良好的热稳定性和化学稳定性等特性,作为含氟表面活性剂被广泛应用于卫生、消防与电镀等工业领域。但是,PFOS具有高持久稳定性,会在环境、人体与动物组织中富集,因此2009年《斯德哥尔摩公约》将PFOS列为新增POPs受控物质。目前,我国还在生产和使用PFOS,如何对其进行有效控制,削减并逐渐替代PFOS及其衍生物,是我国面临的巨大挑战。在介绍了PFOS的生产与应用现状基础上,结合其替代技术,提出了削减和逐步替代PFOS的策略。     

手性氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性及安全评价

手性农药多以外消旋体形式用于农业生产和卫生害虫防治中。但手性农药对映体通常具有不同的生物活性和毒性,这种现象在农药环境风险评价过程中往往被忽视。本研究以氟虫腈为例,首先用高效液相色谱-手性固定相(HPLC-CSP)技术拆分出氟虫腈的S型和R型2种对映体,分别采用点滴法和药膜法测定了氟虫腈对映体及外消旋体对意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)和稻螟赤眼蜂(Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead)的急性毒性。结果显示,S(+)-氟虫腈、R(-)-氟虫腈和外消旋体对意大利蜜蜂的48h-LD50分别为0.00341、0.00396和0.00383μg·蜂-1,对稻螟赤眼蜂的24h-LR50分别为7.56×10-7、8.06×10-7和7.29×10-7mg·cm-2。研究表明,氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂具有高毒性风险,对稻螟赤眼蜂有极高毒性风险,且氟虫腈对意大利蜜蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性无明显的对映体选择性。因此,使用氟虫腈单一对映体不会降低其对环境生物的毒害风险。     

A new polystyrene-latex-based and EPS-containing synthetic sludge

Since the living microorganisms in activated sludge continuously change, it is difficult to conduct controlled experiments and achieve reproducible results for evaluating sludge characteristics. Synthetic sludge, as a chemical surrogate to activated sludge, could be used to investigate the sludge physicochemical properties, and it is desirable to prepare synthetic sludge with similar structure and properties to real activated sludge to explore the flocculation and settlement processes in activated sludge systems. In this work, a high-strength synthetic sludge was prepared with functional polystyrene latex particles as the framework and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to modify its surface. The flocculation and settling characteristics of the microspheres and the prepared synthetic sludge were tested. Compared with other three functional polystyrene latex microspheres, the synthetic sludge prepared with EPS-modified polystyrene latex microspheres showed good settling characteristics and a significantly higher strength. They could be used for studying the physicochemical properties of activated sludge.