气升回流一体化工艺处理生活污水简

针对分散型生活污水处理开发了气升回流一体化工艺，以校园生活污水为对象，研究其对生活污水中污染物的去除效果。该系统由好氧区、厌氧区、沉淀区和气升室组成，以曝气的剩余气体的气升作用实现混合液的回流，节省动力消耗。结果表明，本工艺对COD、氨氮及悬浮物（SS）有较好的去除效果，去除率分别达到80%、90%和75%左右，出水COD、NH₄⁺-N及SS平均浓度在40 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和10 mg/L左右。当进水COD在100~1 000 mg/L之间波动时，出水水质稳定。该工艺有较强的抗冲击负荷能力，且可实现剩余污泥的自消解。本工艺具有结构紧凑、占地少，运行费用低，维护简单的特点。     

美国光化学污染监测的经验与启示

针对光化学污染的严峻形势,中国应尽快建立国家层面的光化学监测网络,完善光化学监测的技术体系与质量管理体系,为重点地区光化学污染防治工作提供监测数据支持。研究在总结美国光化学评估监测网络发展历程、运行及其监测目标、技术体系和质量管理体系的基础上,提出了明确光化学监测目标、制定优先监测VOCs名单、完善光化学监测技术体系和质量管理体系、建立光化学监测数据共享平台以及开展VOCs源解析等建设中国光化学监测网络的具体建议。     

Rapid and efficient removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solution by the one-pot synthesized EDTA-modified magnetic nanoparticles

A facile one-pot process has been proposed to prepare the novel ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-modified magnetite nanoparticles (EDTA-MNPs). The bared Fe₃O₄ magnetite nanoparticles and EDTA-MNPs were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, VSM, and X-ray diffraction. The application of the modified magnetite nanoparticles for metal ion uptake was studied using Ni²⁺ as a model. The adsorption was fast and the equilibrium was established within 5 min, and the adsorption kinetics of Ni²⁺ onto EDTA-MNPs followed the pseudo second-order chemisorption mechanism. Maximum adsorption capacity for Ni²⁺ reached as high as 41.3 mg/g at pH 6. The successive adsorption–desorption studies indicated that the EDTA-MNPs kept the adsorption and desorption efficiencies constant over ten cycles. Importantly, EDTA-MNPs were able to remove nearly 100 % of Ni²⁺ from real water.     

基于超效率DEA模型的三峡库区生态效率评价及空间演化格局分析

本文基于2010—2017年的统计数据,首先采用超效率DEA模型对三峡库区26个区县的生态效率进行测算,然后运用空间自相关分析方法对三峡库区生态效率的演化格局进行了实证分析,探索三峡库区生态效率的时空动态演变特征。研究表明:2010—2017年三峡库区生态效率平均水平处于0.5601～1.1920,整体呈现波动性变化趋势,生态效率在一定程度上有所改善,但是整体水平仍然较低;从区域层面看,各个区县间生态效率水平不平衡,空间分布上呈现"西高东低"的非均衡性特征。局部空间自相关分析表明,三峡库区2010—2017年集聚性呈逐渐减弱态势,空间异质性逐渐增加,整体的生态效率差异变大。最后依据实证研究分析结果,本文对如何提升三峡库区生态效率提出了相应的政策建议。     

基于TiO2载体的锰铈系低温SCR脱硝催化剂研究进展

开发低温、高活性、高抗硫抗水性能的选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂已成为国内外的研究热点。综述了基于TiO2载体的锰铈系低温脱硝催化剂的脱硝性能,探讨了助剂掺杂改性、制备方法、反应条件等对催化剂脱硝性能的影响,总结了现有低温脱硝催化剂的技术难点,指出SCR催化剂的研究需要着重考虑以下几方面:深入研究催化剂的反应机理和中毒机理;研究催化剂的循环再生;探究拓宽催化剂温度窗口,使其适应不同的温度条件。     

桂林市城区大气VOCs污染特征及对O3和SOA的生成潜势

对桂林市城区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征,以及VOCs对臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的生成潜势进行了研究。结果显示,研究期间,共检出VOCs物种78种,平均体积分数为21.32×10-9,表现为芳香烃(67.82%)烷烃(19.56%)卤代烃(7.50%)烯烃(2.86%)含氧挥发性有机物(1.41%)。VOCs体积分数空间分布呈现市中心和下风向郊区两个高值区。通过苯与甲苯的浓度比值发现,林科所VOCs主要来自交通源和生物源,师专甲山校区VOCs主要是来自交通源,其余测点VOCs主要来自交通源、工业源和外来传输源。分析乙苯和间/对二甲苯的浓度比值发现,电子科大尧山校区气团光化学年龄较大,光化学反应活性相对较强烈;旅游学院、华侨旅游经开区、大埠中心校气团光化学年龄较小,光化学反应活性相对较弱。VOCs对O3生成潜势最大的为芳香烃(93.81%),其次是烷烃(7.22%)和烯烃(4.75%);对SOA生成潜势最大的为芳香烃(97.45%),其次是烷烃(2.55%)。     

A novel sigma coordinate system to simulate abrupt changes of underwater terrain in a hydrodynamic model: application to Lake Mead,USA

The sigma (SIG) coordinate system in ocean circulation simulation models results inevitably in horizontal pressure gradient error. This problem also emerges in models of deep lakes or reservoirs with the same characteristics of underwater terrain mutation. SIG coordinates reflect vertical relative stratification but cannot be used to calculate horizontal pressure gradient force in places with drastic topographic changes; this results in vertical water temperature and circulation errors. In deep lakes or reservoirs, differences in water density caused by the temperature difference between upper and lower water bodies is the primary cause of thermal stratification phenomena. Lake Mead was used as a case study on steep topography based on Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model in this study. SIG coordinates result in close agreement between the calibrated temperature time series at the top and middle water layers, but disparity in the bottom water layer. The error emerges in the horizontal pressure gradient error due to the SIG coordinate transformation. Neither increasing the vertical resolution nor adjusting the horizontal viscosity coefficient resolve this error. We test the sigma-zed (SGZ) coordinate which combines Z coordinate and SIG coordinate as a replacement for the SIG coordinate to find that they effectively reduce the model’s runtime and simulation efficiency. The vertical temperature distribution in SGZ coordinate mode is more accurate than the distribution in SIG coordinate mode. The Navier-Stokes horizontal gradient and advection diffusion equation results under SIG coordinates are very sensitive to the pressure gradient. The replacement also enhances resolution near the thermocline, facilitates reclosing of the water bottom and the equal sigma surface, lends significant advantages in terms of vertical temperature in the simulation for local deep water with steep terrain, and shortens runtime for 0.14 h. SGZ mixed coordinates are recommended in the simulation of deep lakes or reservoirs wherein the underwater topography is large (with abundant continuous deep trenches or reefs).

     

口服纳米银对大鼠的生物有效性及其体内分布的研究

由于独特的抗菌特性，纳米银(AgNP)在诸多领域得到广泛应用，但是其生物有效性、动物组织分布及排出尚不清楚。将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包被的AgNP溶液按照10 mg kg^-1给雌性SD大鼠灌胃，采用ICP-MS检测SD大鼠组织、粪便及尿液中总银浓度。实验结果表明，AgNP通过小肠吸收后，可以通过血液循环快速分布在肝、肾、脾、肺、脑等靶器官。灌胃后1 h，大鼠各组织中总银浓度达到最大值(肝、肾、脾、肺、脑中银浓度分别为0.29 ± 0.13 mg kg^-1、0.23 ± 0.04 mg kg^-1、0.17 ± 0.05 mg kg^-1、0.11 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1、0.06 ±0.02 mg kg^-1)，之后银浓度随时间降低直至和对照组无显著性差异。在灌胃途径下，AgNP对SD大鼠的有效性为8.5%，且73%的AgNP是通过粪便的途径排出体外。     

Annual variations of odor concentrations and emissions from swine gestation, farrowing, and nursery buildings

To obtain annual odor emission profiles from intensive swine operations, odor concentrations and emission rates were measured monthly from swine nursery, farrowing, and gestation rooms for a year. Large annual variations in odor concentrations and emissions were found in all the rooms and the impact of the seasonal factor (month) was significant (P < 0.05). Odor concentration was low in summer when ventilation rate was high but high in winter when ventilation rate was low, ranging from 362 (farrowing room in July) to 8934 (nursery room in December) olfactory unit (OU) m(-3). This indicates that the air quality regarding odor was significantly better in summer than that in winter. Odor emission rate did not show obvious seasonal pattern as odor concentration did, ranging from 2 (gestation room in November) to 90 (nursery room in April) OU m(-2) sec(-1); this explains why the odor complaints for swine barns have occurred all year round. The annual geometric mean odor concentration and emission rate of the nursery room was significantly higher than the other rooms (P < 0.05). In order to obtain the representative annual emission rate, measurements have to be taken at least monthly, and then the geometric mean of the monthly values will represent the annual emission rate. Incorporating odor control technologies in the nursery area will be the most efficient in reducing odor emission from the farm considering its emission rate was 2 to 3 times of the other areas. The swine grower-finisher area was the major odor source contributing 53% of odor emission of the farm and should also be targeted for odor control. Relatively positive correlations between odor concentration and both H2S and CO2 concentrations (R(2) = 0.58) means that high level of these two gases might likely indicate high odor concentration in swine barns.     

Carbonyl emissions from vehicular exhausts sources in Hong Kong

Vehicular emission (VE) is one of the important anthropogenic sources for airborne carbonyls in urban area. Six types of VE-dominated samples were collected at representative locations in Hong Kong where polluted by a particular fueled type of vehicles, including (i) a gas refilling taxis station (liquefied petroleum gas [LPG] emission); (ii) a light-duty passenger car park (gasoline emission); (iii) a minibus station (diesel emission); (iv) a single-deck-bus depot (diesel emission); (v) a double-deck-bus depot (diesel emission); and (vi) a whole-food market entrance for light- and heavy-duty vehicles (diesel emission). A total of 15 carbonyls in the samples were quantified. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl among the VE-dominated samples, and its contribution to the total quantified amount on a molar basis ranged from 54.8% to 60.8%. Acetaldehyde and acetone were the next two abundant carbonyls. The carbonyls were quantified at three roadside locations in Hong Kong. The highest concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, 22.7 +/- 8.4 and 6.0 +/- 2.8 microg/m3, respectively, were determined in the samples collected at a main transportation gate for goods between Hong Kong and Mainland China. The total quantified carbonyl concentration, 37.9 +/- 9.3 microg/m3, was the highest at an entrance of a cross-harbor tunnel in downtown area. The theoretical carbonyls compositions of the three roadside locations were estimated according to the VE-dominated sample profiles and the statistics on vehicle numbers and types during the sampling period. The measured compositions of formaldehyde were much higher than the theoretical compositions in summer, demonstrating that photochemical reactions significantly contributed to the formaldehyde production in the roadsides.