污泥基生物炭结构的共焦显微拉曼技术应用

采用共焦显微拉曼光谱仪探索不同热解温度(500~900)℃条件下所制备的污泥基生物炭结构变化的表征方法.结果表明,拉曼信号的荧光干扰与生物炭的理化特性有较强的相关性.随着热解温度升高,拉曼漂移系数减小,这与污泥基生物炭挥发分含量、H/C和O/C比变化趋势一致.其中,漂移系数与挥发分含量和H/C的相关性指数分别是0.97和0.94,其变化规律可用来准确评估生物炭挥发分含量和H/C的变化.同时,生物炭在拉曼光谱中的特征峰强度比D/G随着热解温度升高而增强,代表了污泥基生物炭无序化程度增加的过程.谷区域(V)与D峰强度比IV/ID随热解温度升高而减小,表明具有缺陷的稠合芳环结构的比例增加;另外,经分峰拟合后得到的ID1/IG1变化较小,而ID2/IG2呈增加趋势,证实了小分子侧链基团断裂形成的化合物部分沉积在炭表面,形成缺陷和非晶结构;IG1/IG2随着热解温度升高而减小,表明了炭基材料键角有序与无序比随着热解温度的升高而降低.因此,拉曼光谱可用于表征污泥基生物炭的微观结构变化,反映其结构演变规律.     

Biological methane production coupled with sulfur oxidation in a microbial electrosynthesis system without organic substrates

Methane is produced in a microbial electrosynthesis system (MES) without organic substrates. However, a relatively high applied voltage is required for the bioelectrical reactions. In this study, we demonstrated that electrotrophic methane production at the biocathode was achieved even at a very low voltage of 0.1 V in an MES, in which abiotic HS⁻ oxidized to SO₄²⁻ at the anodic carbon-cloth surface coated with platinum powder. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed the most probable pathway for methane production from electrons. First, electrotrophic H₂ was produced by syntrophic bacteria, such as Syntrophorhabdus, Syntrophobacter, Syntrophus, Leptolinea, and Aminicenantales, with the direct acceptance of electrons at the biocathode. Subsequently, most of the produced H₂ was converted to acetate by homoacetogens, such as Clostridium and Spirochaeta 2. In conclusion, the majority of the methane was indirectly produced by a large population of acetoclastic methanogens, namely Methanosaeta, via acetate. Further, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, including Methanobacterium and Methanolinea, produced methane via H₂.     

功能化材料Zr@AC对水中难降解农药阿特拉津的去除特征

我国农药阿特拉津的污染十分严重,对生态系统造成了非常不利的影响. 为了实现对水环境中阿特拉津的高效去除和吸附剂的重复利用,该研究通过溶液浸渍和高温煅烧技术将金属锆负载到活性炭上,制备出功能化材料Zr@AC,使用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱仪(FTIR)和比表面及孔径分析仪(BET)对材料的形貌和组成进行了表征,并考察了Zr@AC对水中阿特拉津的去除效果. 结果表明:①当浸渍液锆离子的质量分数为7.0%、浸渍时间为9.0 h、煅烧温度为500 ℃和煅烧时间为5.0 h时,制备的Zr@AC具有较大的比表面积、较多的中孔和微孔以及丰富的活性位点. ②对阿特拉津的去除研究表明,当溶液pH为4.0、温度为25 ℃、Zr@AC投加量为60.0 mg/L时,经过90 min的反应,Zr@AC对阿特拉津的吸附容量最大,达到93.8 mg/g. ③动力学模拟研究表明,该吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学模型,且Freundlich等温吸附模型的拟合结果要优于Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明Zr@AC对阿特拉津的吸附存在化学吸附和多分子层吸附的双重作用. ④经过5次重复试验后,Zr@AC对阿特拉津的去除率仍有83.9%. 研究显示,Zr@AC可作为水中去除阿特拉津的吸附剂,是一种很有前途、可重复多次使用的材料.      

崇明东滩光滩带夏季有机质空间分布特征、来源组成及食物网作用

本文选取长江口崇明东滩光滩带为研究对象,通过2019年夏季表层沉积物总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、生物硅（BSi）及碳稳定同位素（δ13C）等参数,分析了有机质的空间分布特征和主要来源组成,探讨了有机质分布的主要影响因素及其与大型底栖动物分布的关系。结果表明,崇明东滩光滩带表层沉积物有机质含量呈现北高南低的分布特点,包括海源有机质、陆源有机质和盐沼C₃植物,占比分别为（35.22±9.20）%、（34.45±4.87）%和（30.33±4.34）%。底栖硅藻对有机质的贡献在光滩带较植被带更高。沉积物粒径是影响光滩有机质含量空间分布的主要因素,盐沼C₃植物和陆源有机质的δ13C值接近,可能模糊了有机质来源的空间差异。大型底栖动物丰度、生物量的空间分布与有机质含量显著相关,表层沉积物有机质为光滩消费者提供了食物基础。本文的研究结果对了解光滩潮间带有机质的生物地球化学循环及食物网的功能具有重要意义。     

Residues and dynamics of pymetrozine in rice field ecosystem

The fate of pymetrozine was studied in rice field ecosystem, and a simple and reliable analytical method for determination of pymetrozine in soil, rice straw, paddy water and brown rice was developed. Pymetrozine residues were extracted from samples, cleaned up by solid phase extraction (SPE) and then determined by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS). The average recovery was 81.2-88.1% from soil, 83.4-88.6% from rice straw, 87.3-94.1% from paddy water and 82.9-85.3% from brown rice. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 15%. The limits of detection (LODs) of pymetrozine calculated as a sample concentration were 0.0003 mg kg⁻¹ (mg L⁻¹) for soil and paddy water, 0.001 mg kg⁻¹ for brown rice and rice straw. The results of kinetics study of pymetrozine residue showed that pymetrozine degradation in water, soil, and rice straw coincided with C = 0.194e^−0.986t, C = 0.044e^−0.099t, and C = 0.988e^−0.780t, respectively; the half-lives were about 0.70 d, 7.0 d and 0.89 d, respectively. The degradation rate of pymetrozine in water was the fastest, followed by rice straw. The highest final pymetrozine residues in brown rice were 0.01 mg kg⁻¹, which was lower than the EU’s upper limit of 0.02 mg kg⁻¹ in rice. Therefore, a dosage of 300-600 g a.i.hm⁻² was recommended, which could be considered as safe to human beings and animals.     

限氮和限磷对活性污泥合成聚羟基烷酸的影响

聚羟基烷酸(PHA)是微生物在不平衡营养条件下贮存的一种胞内聚合物,限磷和限氮两种方式均有助于活性污泥中的混合菌群合成PHA,研究考察了两种不同方式下活性污泥合成PHA的情况。实验结果表明,当C∶N为125时,活性污泥中PHA的合成量达到细胞干重的59%;当C∶P为750时,活性污泥积累的最大PHA含量占细胞干重的37%,说明限氮和限磷两种方式对活性污泥合成PHA均有很大影响,且限氮方式更有效。     

污泥水解蛋白液对食用菌生长的影响研究

将污泥(食品工厂污泥)经过酸碱水解制备水解蛋白液(肽类和氨基酸复合物,属于微生物蛋白)、并与豆粕(植物蛋白)、屠宰厂动物羽毛(动物蛋白)水解蛋白液、以及常规食用菌氮源麸皮、大米制糖厂米渣作为平菇栽培氮源或营养添加剂,测试对平菇的菌丝生长、产量和生物转化率的影响。结果表明,几种水解蛋白液对平菇的菌丝生长、产量、生物转化率影响明显,污泥水解蛋白液对菌丝的生长效果最好,其余2种水解蛋白液也有促进作用。添加污泥水解蛋白液最高产量可达806 g/袋,添加豆粕水解蛋白液的最高产量为532 g/袋,添加屠宰厂动物羽毛水解蛋白液的产最高量为525 g/袋;对照为480 g/袋(常规棉籽壳)。生物转化率分别为161.2%、106.4%和105.0%,而对照生物转化率为96%;增产率分别为67.92%、10.83%和9.38%。因此,污泥、豆粕、屠宰厂动物羽毛蛋白水解液可提高平菇产量,该研究也为污泥资源化利用建立了基础。     

The Kinetics of Catalytic Incineration of Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethyl Disulfide over an MnO/Fe2O3 Catalyst

ABSTRACT

The catalytic incineration of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide [(CH₃)₂S and (CH₃)₂S₂] over an MnO/Fe₂O₃ catalyst was carried out in a bench-scale catalytic incinerator. Three kinetic models (i.e., the power-rate law, the Mars and Van Krevelen model, and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model) were used to analyze the results. A differential reactor design was used for best fit of kinetic models in this study. The results show that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model may be feasible to describe the catalytic incineration of (CH₃)₂S and (CH₃)₂S₂. This suggests that the chemical adsorption of O₂ molecules is important in this incineration.     

单级与二级BAF工艺除碳硝化效能的对比研究

在总曝气量、HRT、水温、进水水质相同的条件下,对比研究了单级(BAF C/N)和二级曝气生物液池(BAF C+N)处理生活污水的除碳硝化效能。结果表明,将除碳和硝化分级有利于提高BAF工艺的处理效能。分级后,C柱较C/N柱具有更高的COD去除容积负荷,且出水COD浓度稳定低于50 mg/L;二级BAF工艺出水NH4+-N浓度由单级BAF的5～12 mg/L降至5 mg/L以下,且N柱在pH<6.3时依然能够进行硝化;N柱中下部具有较高的微生物活性,平均比耗氧速率为32 mg O2/(g VAS·h)。二级BAF中C柱的反冲洗周期和强度与单级BAF相同,而N柱的反冲洗周期则延长至5～7 d,能够降低反冲洗能耗和用水量。