水乡油田环境污染应急体系建设初探

从环境污染应急预案编制、演练、实施以及应急保障等方面分析了水乡油田环境污染应急体系建立过程中需要注意的事项,并针对该企业环境污染应急体系建立过程中出现的问题,从应急预案编制、演练与实施以及应急保障方面提出了建议及初步解决措施。     

含油污水处理工艺中的污泥及污油回收技术改进措施

针对油田含油污水处理工艺中油水分离设备及缓冲罐等,长期运行积累的污泥若不及时排出,将导致污水中的悬浮固体含量上升和过滤负荷增大、缩短污水处理时间、影响处理效果及水质的问题。寻找合适的工艺技术,去除系统中产生的污油,以提高处理效率、改善最终处理水质。通过采用污泥回收、污油回收等措施,实现了污泥的有效排出,污油的有效回收,改善了处理水质,满足油田的生产需要。     

嗜热自养甲烷杆菌的抗逆分子机制

为揭示嗜热厌氧古菌适应极端环境的分子机理,分别在不同温度(50℃,60℃,65℃和70℃)培养嗜热自养甲烷杆菌,利用Real-time RT-PCR研究其二硫键异构酶(mtPDI)mRNA的表达情况.结果显示,mtPDI mRNA在上述情况下都有表达,但当温度偏离菌体最适生长温度(65℃),表达量会提高,在50℃和70...     

三唑磷降解对水稻叶绿素含量的影响

采用田间试验方法,系统研究了内2优6号、秀水09两个水稻品种生殖生长前期经过喷施不同浓度三唑磷(2 250 mL hm-2、4 500 mL hm-2)后水稻叶绿素含量动态变化及其相关性.结果表明,喷施三唑磷对水稻叶绿素含量产生了影响,其效应随施药浓度增加而增大.三唑磷对叶绿素作用的时效在品种间存在差异,内2优6号和秀水09分别为<20 d和>20 d,具体表现为施药后d 1,所有水稻品种的喷施处理与对照无显著性差异,施药后d 3～14,与对照相比内2优6号和秀水09分别表现为显著降低和增加,施药后d 21,则分别表现为不显著和显著增加.三唑磷降解率与叶绿素含量变化率之间总体存在相关性,但品种间存在显著差异,内2优6号和秀水09分别呈现负相关和正相关趋势.     

太阳鱼脑乙酰胆碱酯酶的分离纯化

采用硫酸铵沉淀–普鲁卡因胺亲和柱层析方法,对太阳鱼(Lepomis gibbosus)脑部乙酰胆碱酯酶分离纯化,纯化倍数为234倍,回收率为25.67%,经SDS-PAGE电泳检测,呈现单一的条带,相对分子质量约为68 000,表明其纯度达到电泳纯.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol with mesoporous TiO2?xBx

We report a facile approach for preparing mesoporous boron-doped TiO₂ materials by combining the sol?Cgel process with the dehydration of glucose. Specifically a high surface carbon material was formed by dehydration of glucose, then used as template. This material and the TiO₂ dry gel were calcinated to produce porous TiO₂. The as-synthesized boron-doped TiO₂ was in pure anatase crystallite phase with high surface area. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that boron was incorporated into the anatase TiO₂ lattice to form TiO_2?xB_x. The absorption spectra of TiO_2?xB_x extended into the visible region to 460?nm. The TiO_2?xB_x exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity on phenol degradation than pure TiO₂. It showed that the phenol degradation by-products of TiO_2?xB_x were different from that of pure TiO₂. Mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol at TiO_2?xB_x was also proposed.     

低浓度Pb^2＋对Cd^2＋污染下冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤水解酶活性及与根微域土壤生化特征关系的影响

采用盆栽试验法探讨了Cd^2＋、低于国家“土壤环境质量标准”规定的II类土壤环境基准值300mg-kg^-1干土时的Pb^2＋与Cd^2＋复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性及与根微域土壤微生物数量和生化特征关系的影响特征。结果表明：（1）Cd^2＋对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性表现为显著抑制效应;而低浓度Pb^2＋主要表现为协同Cd抖污染抑制根微域土壤水解酶活性效应;（2）Cd^2＋处理下,磷酸酶活性与微域土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关;转化酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物量碳表现为极显著正相关;（3）Pb^2＋／cd^2＋处理下,碱性磷酸酶活性与微生物量碳表现为显著正相关;转化酶活性与全氮含量表现为显著负相关,与有机质含量呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与全氮呈极显著正相关,与有机质为极显著负相关,总体来讲,Cd^2＋／Pb2＋与Cd^2＋处理之间酶活性与生化特征的关系存在明显差异;同时Pb^2＋／Cd^2＋处理下磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性与土壤微生物数量之间的相关性特点与Cd^2＋处理下也明显不同。     

Assessment of cadmium exposure for neonates in Guiyu, an electronic waste pollution site of China

This study aimed to determine the levels of placental cadmium (PCd) and cord blood cadmium (CBCd) and the resulting expression of placental metallothionein (MT) in neonates and to investigate cadmium (Cd) exposure levels in neonates and mothers who live in Guiyu, China, an electronic waste (e-waste) pollution site. Among the 423 mothers included in the study from 2004/2005 to 2007, 289 lived in Guiyu (exposed group) and 134 lived in Chaonan, located 10 km away from Guiyu (controls) and had never been exposed to e-waste pollution. CBCd and PCd levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Placental MT was examined by immunohistochemistry. Information on maternal and neonatal characteristics and exposure conditions was obtained from hospital records and by personal interviews. For the 3 years, the median CBCd was higher for Guiyu neonates than for controls (3.61 vs. 1.25 ??g/L), with 25.61% of Guiyu subjects exhibiting a median CBCd that exceeded the safety limit defined by the World Health Organization (5 ??g/L), as compared with 14.18% of control neonates (p < 0.01). In Guiyu, the mean PCd was higher than that for controls (0.17 ± 0.48 vs. 0.10 ± 0.11 ??g/g, p ?? 0.01). The high levels of CBCd and PCd were significantly associated with parents?? occupational and environmental exposure to e-waste recycling pollutants. Staining for MT was positive and dense for 67.00% (67/100) of Guiyu neonates as compared with 32.69% (17/52) of controls (p < 0.01). Exposure to e-waste recycling pollutants increased Cd exposure in neonates, which was accompanied by increased placental MT expression.     

Water quantity and quality optimization modeling of dams operation based on SWAT in Wenyu River Catchment, China

Water quantity and quality joint operation is a new mode in the present dams?? operation research. It has become a hot topic in governmental efforts toward integrated basin improvement. This paper coupled a water quantity and quality joint operation model (QCmode) and genetic algorithm with Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Together, these tools were used to explore a reasonable operation of dams and floodgates at the basin scale. Wenyu River Catchment, a key area in Beijing, was selected as the case study. Results showed that the coupled water quantity and quality model of Wenyu River Catchment more realistically simulates the process of water quantity and quality control by dams and floodgates. This integrated model provides the foundation for research of water quantity and quality optimization on dam operation in Wenyu River Catchment. The results of this modeling also suggest that current water quality of Wenyu River will improve following the implementation of the optimized operation of the main dams and floodgates. By pollution control and water quantity and quality joint operation of dams and floodgates, water quality of Wenyu river will change significantly, and the available water resources will increase by 134%, 32%, 17%, and 82% at the downstream sites of Sha River Reservoir, Lutong Floodgate, Xinpu Floodgate, and Weigou Floodgate, respectively. The water quantity and quality joint operation of dams will play an active role in improving water quality and water use efficiency in Wenyu River Basin. The research will provide the technical support for water pollution control and ecological restoration in Wenyu River Catchment and could be applied to other basins with large number of dams. Its application to the Wenyu River Catchment has a great significance for the sustainable economic development of Beijing City.     

两级序批式生物膜法对厌氧消化液的处理研究

采用两级序批式生物膜法(SBBR)处理猪场废水厌氧消化液,考察了不同类型的填料以及填料的不同组合方式对污染物的去除效果。试验结果表明:组合3(1级反应器中投加碳素纤维填料,2级反应器中投加组合填料)COD去除能力较好,可达93.7%,组合1(1级,2级反应器中均投加碳素纤维填料)NH4+-N和TN去除率最高,分别为69.2%、70.4%;此外对运行过程中的DO浓度和pH值的变化情况进行监测,DO浓度受有机物降解和硝化反应的共同影响,pH值受曝气量的影响较多。因此,可以通过DO浓度和pH值来判断反应系统中污染物的变化情况和反应所处阶段。