碳酸钙和粉煤灰对铅胁迫下小麦毒害的缓解效应

采用室内盆栽和网室盆栽的方法,研究了碳酸钙和粉煤灰对铅污染土壤的小麦幼苗生物效应、成熟期籽粒含铅量和蛋白质含量及生物产量的影响,探讨了碳酸钙和粉煤灰缓解铅毒害小麦的生理机制.结果表明,在轻度铅污染(铅为350 mg/kg)的小麦农田,1.0 g/kg碳酸钙或50 g/kg粉煤灰对小麦生长有明显的促进作用.能有效缓解铅对小麦的毒害;在重度铅污染(铅为600mg/kg)的小麦农田,1.0～2.0 g/kg碳酸钙或50～100 g/kg粉煤灰对小麦铅毒害缓解效果较好.     

内电解-厌氧-好氧工艺处理高浓度糠醛废水

介绍了内电解厌氧好氧工艺处理糠醛生产废水的工程应用。运行结果表明,糠醛废水经处理后,COD的总去除率达到96%以上,出水pH6~9,符合国家《污水综合排放标准》(8978- 1996)中二级排放标准的要求。     

TiO2光催化复合分离膜对水中天然有机物的去除

在水源污染越来越严重、水质标准日益严格的背景下,超滤(UF)已逐渐成为替代饮用水常规处理技术的最佳选择之一。本研究中采用相转化法,将聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚乙二醇(PEG)和二氧化钛(TiO₂)共混制得光催化复合分离膜并对其进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线能谱仪(EDS)等相应的表征。比较了有无光照条件下,PVDF-PEG和PVDF-PEG-TiO₂膜对腐殖酸(HA)的截留和超滤过程中的膜污染情况。研究结果表明,TiO₂光催化复合分离膜能提高对水中天然有机物的去除并同时降低膜污染。紫外光照强度越强,PVDF-PEG-TiO₂膜的抗污染性能越好。另外,光催化能更有效地减少超滤初始浓度较低的腐殖酸溶液过程中的膜通量衰减。     

Versatile superhydrophobic bismuth molybdate cotton fabric for oil/water separation and decompose dyestuff

Water pollution caused by the discharged insolubility petroleum contaminants and organic compound dyes seriously threatens the natural self-purity capacity of the water body and the survival of aquatic species, so it is imperative to restraint the deterioration of the aquatic environment. In this paper, pathways are propounded for the simultaneous removal of insoluble spilling oil and organic dye contaminants. Particularly, hydrophobic ZnSnO₃ after stearic acid modification and Bi₂MoO₆ photocatalysts are introduced into the cotton fabric substrate through solution dip-coating. The durability of the prepared fabric suffers from the acid–base corrosion, thermal treatment and mechanical wear, while still exhibiting remarkable water-repellent (WCA?>?150°) property. Furthermore, the remarkable photocatalytic activity makes it possible for reusable degradation and the primary active species, namely the holes, to be verified by the radicals-capturing experiment. It is worth observing that as-prepared superhydrophobic fabric possesses admirable water-proof property and cycling durability of decomposing toxic water-soluble organic dye, thereby contributing to further realizing the ecological concept of clear waters.

     

Bioaerosolization behavior along sewage sludge biostabilization

• Aerosolization behavior during a lab-scale sludge biostabilization was determined. • Many pathogenic species were identified to be preferentially aerosolized. • Bioaerosol concentration along the biostabilization ranged from 160 to 1440 cell/m³. • Sludge aerosolization behavior was different with that of other biowaste. Biostabilization is a cost-effective method for the beneficial utilization of sewage sludge. However, during the operation of sludge biostabilization, some microbial species could be released into the atmospheric environment from the solid-phase of sludge easily and present a high risk to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of bioaerosol during sludge biostabilization. We found a total of nine bacterial phyla, one archaeal phylum, and two fungal phyla in the bioaerosol samples. Among them, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla. In addition, the bioaerosolization indexes (BI) of prokaryotic phyla and fungal phyla ranged 0–45 and 0–487, respectively. Massilia, Pseudarthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Tremellales spp., and Fusarium were the preferentially aerosolized microbial genera with maximum bioaerosolization indexes of 19962, 10360, 1802, 3055, and 7398. The bioaerosol concentration during the biostabilization ranged from 160 to 1440 cell/m³, and we identified species such as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila and Fusarium graminerum with high bioaerosolization indexes that could be threats to human health. Euryachaeota, which belongs to archaeal phyla, had the highest biostabilization index in our study. We also found that Pseudarthrobacter was the easiest to aerosolize during the sludge biostabilization process.     

Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China

Inter-annual dynamics of grassland yield of the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China in 1988–2005 was analyzed using the GLO-PEM model, and the herbage supply function was evaluated. The results indicate that while grassland yield in the region showed marked inter-annual fluctuation there was a trend of increased yield over the 18 years of the study. This increase was especially marked for Alpine Desert and Alpine Steppe and in the west of the region. The inter-annual coefficient of variation of productivity increased from the east to the west of the region and from Marsh, Alpine Meadow, Alpine Steppe, Temperate Steppe to Alpine Desert grasslands. Climate change, particularly increased temperatures in the region during the study period, is suggested to be the main cause of increased grassland yield. However, reduced grazing pressure and changes to the seasonal pattern of grazing could also have influenced the grassland yield trend. These findings indicate the importance of understanding the function of the grassland ecosystems in the region and the effect of climate change on them especially in regard to their use to supply forage for animal production. Reduction of grazing pressure, especially during winter, is indicated to be critical for the restoration and sustainable use of grassland ecosystems in the region.     

G-CNTs/PVDF mixed matrix membranes with improved antifouling properties and filtration performance

A novel nanocomposite OMWCNT-A-GO was synthesized by conjugating OMWCNT and GO. The P-OMWCNT-A-GO membrane was fabricated by non-solvent induced phase inversion. The P-OMWCNT-A-GO exhibits the best water flux, BSA rejection and flux recovery. It should be due to the enhanced membrane pore size, porosity and hydrophilicity. Although carbon nanomaterials have been widely used as effective nanofillers for fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with outstanding performances, the reproducibility of the fabricated MMMs is still hindered by the non-homogenous dispersion of these carbon nanofillers in membrane substrate. Herein, we report an effective way to improve the compatibility of carbon-based nanomaterials with membrane matrixes. By chemically conjugating the oxidized CNTs (o-CNTs) and GO using hexanediamine as cross-linker, a novel carbon nanohybrid material (G-CNTs) was synthesized, which inherited both the advanced properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO). The G-CNTs incorporated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) MMMs (G-CNTs/PVDF) were fabricated via a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The filtration and antifouling performances of G-CNTs/PVDF were evaluated using distillate water and a 1 g/L bovine serum albumin (BSA) aqueous solution under 0.10 MPa. Compared to the MMMs prepared with o-CNTs, GO, the physical mixture of o-CNTs and GO and pure PVDF membrane, the G-CNTs/PVDF membrane exhibited the highest water flux up to 220 L/m²/h and a flux recovery ratio as high as 90%, as well as the best BSA rejection rate. The excellent performances should be attributed to the increased membrane pore size, porosity and hydrophilicity of the resulted membrane. The successful synthesis of the novel nanohybrid G-CNTs provides a new type of nanofillers for MMMs fabrication.     

内质网应激在不同钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用

为探讨内质网应激在不同饲料钙水平下对母鼠氟暴露后仔鼠脑海马细胞的作用,选用SD雌性大鼠75只,雄性大鼠25只,雌鼠随机分为对照组(DZ)、染氟组(RF)、低钙组(LG)、染氟低钙组(LF)和染氟高钙组(HF)。雌鼠染毒3个月,交配产仔,检测胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠脑海马内质网应激伴侣分子BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平。结果显示,与DZ组比,胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠RF组、LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠RF组BIP、CHOP蛋白表达显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),CRT蛋白表达升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达均显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。与RF组比,胎鼠与14日龄、28日龄仔鼠LF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.01),胎鼠、14日龄仔鼠HF组BIP、CHOP和CRT蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05),28日龄仔鼠BIP、CHOP蛋白表达水平下降,差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。研究表明,内质网应激可能参与了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑损伤,高钙饲料可缓解母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞的损伤,低钙饲料则进一步加剧了母鼠氟暴露致仔鼠脑海马神经细胞损伤。     

三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯对大鼠的神经毒性效应

考察三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TDCPP)对大鼠神经系统的毒性效应及其毒性机制,为有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)对哺乳动物神经毒性及其临床防治提供基础数据和科学依据。以Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠为受试生物,将TDCPP溶于橄榄油配制不同染毒剂量(125、250和500 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))进行灌胃处理,溶剂对照组以相同体积的橄榄油进行灌胃,空白对照组不做任何处理,染毒周期为12周。结果表明,溶剂对照组和空白对照组的各项检测指标均无显著性差别(P0.05)。TDCPP染毒组与对照组之间的差异主要表现为(1)体重变化:染毒期间,TDCPP处理组大鼠的体重与对照组相比有下降的趋势,在第12周中剂量染毒组和高剂量染毒组大鼠体重均显著性低于对照组(P0.05);(2)行为学实验:Morris水迷宫实验结果表明,高剂量的TDCPP对大鼠的空间学习记忆能力造成影响,主要表现为在定位航行实验中,高剂量染毒组大鼠的逃避潜伏期显著性高于对照组和低剂量染毒组(P0.05),而在空间探索实验中,高剂量染毒组大鼠在目标象限停留时间显著性低于对照组(P0.05);(3)生化指标检测:各组间纹状体内多巴胺(DA)含量并无显著性差异(P 0.05),染毒组乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACh E)活性与对照组相比显著性降低(P0.01)且具有剂量依赖性,高剂量染毒组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著性降低,高剂量和中剂量染毒组谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著性降低(P0.05),这表明TDCPP对大鼠脑组织造成了氧化损伤,TDCPP染毒组脑组织的炎症因子(TNF-α)水平均高于对照组,且中剂量与高剂量染毒组TNF-α含量显著性高于对照组(P0.05),揭示TDCPP能引起大鼠脑部的炎症反应,对脑组织造成损伤;(4)纹状体超微结构:电镜结果表明,TDCPP可导致纹状体细胞受到损伤,主要表现为细胞核固缩、线粒体损伤和突触间隙减小。研究表明,TDCPP可引起大鼠体重明显下降,导致大鼠神经细胞损伤,行为改变,抑制ACh E、SOD活性及GSH含量,使炎症介质增高,引起大鼠脑组织的氧化损伤和炎症反应。