Regionale Klimatrends mit Hilfe der phänologischen Uhr, dargestellt am Beispiel Rheinland-Pfalz

Aims and Scope

Over recent decades, the climate has changed. Up to now this statement has been made predominantly for the global and/or continental area. What, however, is the situation regarding the climatic trend at the regional scale? Is it already possible to show effects of a climate change in small-scale landscape structures? These questions were addressed looking at the example of the situation in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany).

Methods

Phenological data of plants of the last 50 years from a total of 386 stations of the German Weather Service (DWD) were evaluated. The timing of the different plant phases, beginning of the foliation and plant senescence in autumn, flowering and the first ripening of the fruits had to be registered for different agricultural crops, wild plants, ornamental woods as well as fruit trees. The analysed data material was used to develop the threefold phenological clock (DPU).

Results

Summarising the findings of the DPU for the 15 evaluated nature districts of Rhineland-Palatinate according to individual seasons, which were defined in generic terms as spring, summer, autumn and winter, a tendency of a prematuring of the spring, a prolongation of the autumn as well as a shortening of the winter is evident. From a regional point of view, on the other hand, in individual nature districts such as the ‘Westerwald’ and the ‘Bergisch-Sauerländische Gebirge’, winter seasons are getting longer. Thus the effects of a climate change can differ considerably from region to region.

Outlook

The regionally quite different changes of the climatic situation in Rhineland-Palatinate will not remain without an effect on the ecosystems of this federal state. The currently existing biocoenosis will therefore change. The consequences for forestry, agriculture and nature conservation are of special interest in this context.     

The short-chain perfluorinated compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA, disrupt human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and adipogenic differentiation

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are commonly used in industrial processes and daily life products. Because they are persistent, they accumulate in the environment, wildlife and humans. Although many studies have focused on two of the most representative PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, the potential toxicity of short-chain PFASs has not yet been given sufficient attention. We used a battery of assays to evaluate the toxicity of several four-carbon and six-carbon perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxyl acids (PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA), with a human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) system. Our results demonstrate significant cyto- and potential developmental toxicity for all the compounds analyzed, with shared but also distinct mechanisms of toxicity. Moreover, the effects of PFBS and PFHxS were stronger than those of PFBA and PFHxA, but occurred at higher doses compared to PFOS or PFOA.     

Effects of soil properties on production and bioaccumulation of methylmercury in rice paddies at a mercury mining area, China

Rice paddy soil is recognized as the hotspot of mercury(Hg) methylation, which is mainly a biotic process mediated by many abiotic factors. In this study, effects of key soil properties on the production and bioaccumulation of Hg and methylmercury(MeHg) in Hg-contaminated rice paddies were investigated. Rice and soil samples were collected from the active Hg smelting site and abandoned Hg mining sites(a total of 124 paddy fields) in the Wanshan Mercury Mine, China. Total Hg(THg) and MeHg in soils and rice grains, together with sulfur(S),selenium(Se), organic matter(OM), nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P), mineral compositions(e.g., SiO_2, Al_2O_3 and Fe_2O_3) and pH in soils were quantified. The results showed that long-term Hg mining activities had resulted in THg and MeHg contaminations in soil-rice system. The newly-deposited atmospheric Hg was more readily methylated relative to the native Hg already in soils, which could be responsible for the elevated MeHg levels in soils and rice grains around the active artificial Hg smelting site. The MeHg concentrations in soils and rice grains showed a significantly negative relationship with soil N/Hg, S/Hg and OM/Hg ratio possibly due to the formation of low-bioavailability Hg–S(N)–OM complexes in rhizosphere. The Hg–Se antagonism undoubtedly occurred in soil-rice system, while its role in bioaccumulation of MeHg in the MeHg-contaminated rice paddies was minor. However, other soil properties showed less influence on the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg in rice paddies located at the Wanshan Mercury Mine zone.     

低温等离子体降解污染土壤热脱附尾气中DDTs

为优化低温等离子体技术对污染土壤热脱附尾气的处理效果,采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体处理含DDTs（滴滴涕）的热脱附尾气,控制进气中的ρ（DDTs）为2.873 mg/m3,考察了载气φ（O₂）、等离子体温度、载气湿度和脉冲电压对DDTs降解效果的影响,分析了O₃在降解过程中的作用.结果表明:①当氮气/氧气混合载气中φ（O₂）分别为0、3%、6%、10%、21%和100%时,DDTs降解率分别为80.1%、76.5%、78.4%、81.1%、88.8%和94.6%,ρ（O₃）分别为0、0.20、0.25、0.40、0.99和1.93 mg/L.随着φ（O₂）的增加,ρ（O₃）逐渐增大,除氮气气氛外,DDTs降解率均逐渐增大,当φ（O₂）超过10%时,DDTs降解率较氮气气氛下更高.p,p'-DDD降解率均为100%,p,p'-DDE和o,p'-DDT的降解率随φ（O₂）的增加而增大.氮气气氛下p,p'-DDT降解率高于低浓度氧气气氛,除氮气气氛外,p,p'-DDT降解率随φ（O₂）的增加而增大.②当等离子体温度分别为80、100和150 ℃时,DDTs降解率分别为88.8%、83.2%和56.3%,ρ（O₃）分别为0.99、0.65和0.35 mg/L.当载气湿度为0、1.0、2.7和20.5 g/m3时,DDTs降解率分别为88.8%、81.6%、68.6%和30.0%,ρ（O₃）分别为0.99、0.73、0.56和0.32 mg/L.随着等离子体温度升高、载气湿度增大,反应器内ρ（O₃）逐渐减小,DDTs降解率也随之降低.③DDTs降解率随脉冲电压的升高而增大,当脉冲电压为24 kV、脉冲频率为50 Hz、等离子体温度为80 ℃、气体在反应器中的停留时间为10 s时,DDTs降解率达86.9%.研究显示,脉冲电晕放电等离子体能够快速、有效地去除热脱附尾气中的DDTs.      

海洋石油平台导管架阴极保护监测数据分析与讨论

目的研究海洋石油平台腐蚀现状,确保导管架处于阴极保护状态。方法对近3年导管架阴极保护监测系统所采集的数据进行讨论,根据不同位置的电位电流传感器所获得的数据进行各个观测点位的腐蚀状态对比分析。结果通过对数据研究表明,该系统电位电流传感器所采集的数据翔实可靠,所收集到的导管架节点电极电位均在保护范围内。就现阶段而言,导管架牺牲阳极输出电流基本趋于稳定。结论该平台阴极保护监测设备运行良好,所测点位均处于阴极保护状态,且基本达到完全极化,对该海域新建平台防腐设计具有重要的参考价值。     

基于微分方程的环保大数据分类技术研究

环保工程需要引用大量数据,将其进行有效分类对环保工程的推进有重要意义,传统方法借助线性方程分类环保数据,分类过程繁琐,工作效率低,准确性不佳。为解决此问题,基于微分方程的角度研究了环保大数据分类技术,建立分类模型,阐述模型工作过程,通过实验检验给出技术的可行性。实验结果证明,研究的环保大数据分类技术在短时间内能够完成大量的环保数据分类,且分类准确性极高,能够有效减少工作人员的压力,对环保工程的进一步开展有重要意义。     

常熟市农业可持续发展对策

本文根据联合国粮农组织（FAO）提出的3大目标,以及关于本世纪末实现小康目标的要求,阐述了常熟市农业可持续发展的对策,以及克服制约当地农业可持续发展的主导因素而采取的措施和取得的成效．     

解磷接种物对垃圾堆肥中难溶性磷酸盐的转化及在农业上的应用

为了提高城市垃圾堆肥的速效磷含量，对供试的７种垃圾堆肥的解磷强度及解磷微生物进行了分析，并以分离富集的解磷微生物制成解磷菌剂进行了青菜盆栽及大田小区对比试验。结果表明：供试垃圾的解磷强度一般为１１７００～１６１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；每ｇ垃圾堆肥含３．５～８．６亿个解磷微生物。出现的解磷能力强的微生物有芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．）、节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｐ．）、黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐｐ．）和赛氏杆菌属（Ｓｅｒｒａｔｉａｓｐｐ．）等。它们可分别使昆阳磷矿粉和／或摩洛哥磷矿粉释放２８４００～４６６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２９１００～３６９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ可溶性磷，利用解磷接种物可使垃圾堆肥提高２３～２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ速效磷，在往堆肥中添加植物物质和磷矿粉的情况下效果更好。将拌有解磷菌剂的垃圾堆肥在红壤荒地上施用，对青菜有良好的增产效果。     

扬水曝气器的水质改善功能及提水、充氧性能研究

扬水曝气器是水源水质改善设备,应用于湖泊水库水源地,抑制藻类生长,控制底泥污染物释放,取得了良好的效果.建立了扬水曝气器上升流速数学模型,用于模拟计算扬水曝气器的提水能力.建立了扬水曝气器曝气室的充氧能力数学模型.在实验室实测了扬水曝气器上升流速及其对水体的充氧过程,实测值与模拟计算值吻合较好,验证了提水、充氧能力数学模型.     

Deriving freshwater quality criteria for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol for protection of aquatic life in China

Freshwater quality criteria of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) were developed with particular reference to the aquatic biota in China, and based on USEPA's guidelines. Acute toxicity tests were performed on nine different domestic species indigenous to China to determine 48 h LC(50) and 96 h LC(50) values for 2,4,6-TCP. In addition, 21 d survival-reproduction test with Daphnia magna, 30 d embryo-larval test with Carassius auratus, 60 d fry-juvenile test with Ctenopharyngodon idellus, 30 d early life stage test with Bufo bufo gargarizans and 96 h growth inhibition test with Scenedesmus obliqaus were also conducted to estimate lower chronic limit and upper chronic limit values. The final acute value (FAV) was 2.01 mg/l 2,4,6-TCP. Acute-to-chronic ratios ranged from 5.01 to 12.2. The final chronic value (FCV) and the final plant value (FPV) of 2,4,6-TCP were 0.226 and 2.24 mg/l respectively. Based on FAV, FCV and FPV for 2,4,6-TCP, a criteria maximum concentration of 1.01 mg/l and a criterion continuous concentration of 0.226 mg/l were derived. The results of this study provide useful data for deriving national or local water quality criteria for 2,4,6-TCP based on aquatic biota in China.