三峡库区次级河流营养状态及营养盐输出影响

通过对三峡库区15条次级河流TP、TN、Chla、高锰酸盐指数、SD和浮游植物的测定,分析了次级河流的营养状态及营养盐输出状况.结果表明,次级河流TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、Chla含量和SD差异较大,SD范围为0.45～1.5 m,TN含量范围为0.65～4.27 mg·L^-1,TP含量范围为0.011～0.432mg·L^-1,高锰酸盐指数范围为0.657～5.37mg·L^-1,Chla值范围为0.57～12.2mg·m^-3.次级河流受到不同程度污染,水体中N含量丰富,部分次级河流富营养化的限制因子为P.利用综合营养状态指数法评价了次级河流富营养化程度,结果表明3条达到轻度富营养化,2条为贫营养,10条河流为中营养.次级河流藻类7门67属129种,种类数以硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻最多.浮游植物的群落类型以硅-绿藻型、硅-蓝藻型和蓝-绿藻型为主,种类和数量随水域不同而呈现差异,水体营养特征为浮游植物响应型.15条次级河流年排放TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数分别为3.14×１０⁵ t、1.76×１０⁴ t和2.74×１０⁵ t.三峡水库完工后,由于次级河流河口区水体流速减缓,富营养化趋势可能加重.     

Cobalt and manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis （Prymnesiophyceae）： Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Pollution of marine environment has become an issue of major concern in recent years.Serious environmental pollution by heavy metals results from their increasing utilization in industrial processes and because most heavy metals are transported into the marine environment and accumulated without decomposition.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects on growth,pigments, lipid peroxidation,and some antioxidant enzyme activities of marine microalga Pavlova viridis,in response to elevated concentrations of cobalt(Co)and manganese(Mn),especially with regard to the involvement of antioxidative defences against heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.In response to Co~(2 ),lipid peroxidation was enhanced compared to the control,as an indication of the oxidative damage caused by metal concentration assayed in the microalgal cells but not Mn~(2 ).Exposure of Pavlova viridis to the two metals caused changes in enzyme activities in a different manner,depending on the metal assayed:after Co~(2 )treatments,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity was irregular,although it was not significantly affected by Mn~(2 )exposure.Co~(2 )and Mn~(2 )stimulated the activities of catalase(CAT)and glutathione(GSH),whereas,ghitathione peroxidase(GPX)showed a remarkable increase in activity in response to Co~(2 )treatments and decreased gradually with Mn~(2 )concentration,up to 50μmol/L,and then rose very rapidly,reaching to about 38.98% at 200μmol/L Mn~(2 ).These results suggest that an activation of some antioxidant enzymes was enhanced,to counteract the oxidative stress induced by the two metals at higher concentration.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

美国化工行业未遂事件管理(上)

1 简介 在对过程工业发生的不良事件进行研究时,人们发现:在每起严重事故的背后都会有许多影响有限的事件发生,而那些未造成任何损失或损害的事件则更是不胜其数.这一点,从安全金字塔(见图1)就可以看出来.     

生物活性炭塔中有机物沿程降解规律和降解动力学模型

上流式曝气生物活性炭塔(BAC)中的废水、空气从下往上流过生物活性炭层。为研究废水中有机物沿活性炭层的降解规律,生物活性炭塔由下至上共设有10个废水取样口,研究沿程各区间段对有机物的降解差异。试验结果表明在水力负荷为5.02~10.04 L/(m2·min),气水比为4∶1~6∶1时,COD、UV、色度的脱除主要集中在塔的中下部,占总脱除率70%以上。进水废水浓度对脱色率影响不大,对COD的脱除率有影响,进水废水浓度过大,脱除率降低。依据推流反应器模型,推导出废水净化塔中COD的降解动力学方程:Ce=Coexp(-2.406 4 H/L0.962)。     

基于不确定性的矿区污染治理投入决策研究

基于现实的基础上,考虑矿区污染治理所面临的不确定性,对污染治理最优投入的政策决策机制进行研究.根据污染治理投入成本的不可逆性及不确定性建立污染治理最优投入决策机制模型,求出了污染治理投入的临界点.结果表明,该模型能够真实、客观、全面地评价矿区污染治理投入决策机制,并可动态指导治理政策实施的最优时机.同时,分析了模型中各参数对污染治理决策的影响,结合案例验证了此模型在污染治理决策问题上的分析结果.结果发现,考虑了不确定性的模型有效避免了传统决策模型的局限性,可以帮助政府和煤矿企业做出科学有效的污染治理投入决策和制度设计,能更有效地推动煤矿企业安全生产的实施.本研究对环境政策的制定和实施具有理论和实践指导意义.     

N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪/硫酸溶液吸收SO_2的性能研究

采用含有羟基支链的N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪为脱硫剂,加入硫酸配制成吸收液,进行了模拟烟气中SO 2脱除性能和工艺条件的研究。结果表明:N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪/硫酸溶液对SO 2有较大的吸收容量,在实验条件下最高脱硫率可达99.96%;决定脱硫率的主要因素是初始p H值、吸收剂浓度和反应温度;对于SO 2含量在0.05%~0.4%范围内的模拟烟气,控制吸收液初始p H值6~7,吸收剂浓度0.3 mol/L,温度40~50℃,N-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪/硫酸溶液具有优异的SO 2吸收和解吸性能,首次解吸率高达60.56%。     

基于模糊数学的重庆地区雷电灾害风险评估方法研究

科学合理的雷电灾害风险评估能有效指导防雷减灾工作,不过目前雷电风险评估体系尚不完善,在某些时候不能真实地评价项目的雷电灾害风险,比如在评估大型住宅小区、大面积的厂房等时,现有的评估结果不能准确地反映客观风险。在深入研究雷电成灾机制和重庆雷电活动规律的基础上,利用模糊数学理论,通过致灾因子、暴露性和承灾体易损性三个方面进行分析,提出重庆地区的雷电风险评估方法。通过具体的评估验证,该方法有较好的适用性,能更好地为防雷减灾服务,也能完善现有的雷电灾害风险评估体系。     

贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水重金属污染物季节性特征及潜在健康风险评价

以贵阳市西郊水厂2014年3月和7月所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物检测数据为基础,进行了季节性特征分析,并采用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行了潜在健康风险评价。结果表明,贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属的浓度均符合国家饮用水卫生标准;重金属污染物的浓度随季节呈现出不同的特征,汞、锌、硒、钼和钡5种重金属的平均浓度呈现枯水期高于丰水期的特征,而铅、铜、锰和镍4种重金属正好相反,砷浓度的季节性特征不显著;成年人的年平均致癌风险显著大于儿童,但两者年平均非致癌风险接近;儿童和成年人2类人群经口暴露途径的健康风险值均大于皮肤暴露,其中致癌风险分别在2.49×10-6~9.16×10-6和3.26×10-8~9.59×10-8之间,非致癌风险在2.29×10-8~3.20×10-8和1.85×10-10~4.14×10-10之间,且致癌风险均大于非致癌风险。贵阳市西郊水厂所供管网末梢水中10种重金属污染物致癌风险和非致癌风险均未超过最大可接受水平,未对该供水区居民的健康造成威胁。     

Frequency Control Characteristics of a Direct-Mode Untreated Sewage Source Heat Pump in the Heating Mode

An untreated sewage source heat pump system directly makes use of the urban raw sewage instead of that treated by a sewage plant. At present In China, most systems adopt the indirect mode for avoiding the harmful effect of the sewage on the heat pump unit. In this article a direct-mode untreated sewage source heat pump system, which shows less theoretical analysis of the mathematical model, is theoretically designed and analyzed to simulate the system dynamic characteristics in the heating mode. The results show that the system COP changes from 4.1 to 3.4 and the heating capacity from 9.5 to 15.3 kW when the sewage inlet temperature is 12°C and the frequency increases from 18 to 32 HZ. The condenser heat-transfer coefficient increases with the frequency reducing while the change trend of evaporator heat-transfer coefficient is the opposite. The highest values of them are 303 and 1617 W.m^?2?K^?1, respectively. The frequency control simulation supplies the operation adjustment with theoretical instructions and some reference values.