When fossil fuels on the Earth are used up, which kind of green energy can be used to replace them? Do every bioenergy generation or crop food chain results in environmental pollution? These questions are major concerns in a world facing restricted supplies of energy and food as well as environmental pollutions. To alleviate these issues, option biogases are explored in this paper.
Materials and methods
Two types of biogas generators were used for modifying the traditional crop food chain [viz. from atmospheric CO2 photosynthesis to crops, crop stem/husk biowastes (burnt in cropland or as home fuels), to livestock droppings (dumping away), pork and people foods, then to CO2], via turning the biowaste pollutants into green bioenergies. By analyzing the traditional food chain via observation method, the drawbacks of by-product biowastes were revealed. Also, the whole cycle chain was further analyzed to assess its ??greenness,?? using experimental data and other information, such as the material balance (e.g., the absorbed CO2, investment versus generated food, energy, and wastes).
Results and discussion
The data show that by using the two types of biogas generators, clean renewable bioenergy, crop food, and livestock meat could be continuously produced without creating any waste to the world. The modification chain largely reduced CO2 greenhouse gas and had a low-cost investment. The raw materials for the gas generators were only the wastes of crop stems and livestock droppings. Thus, the recommended CO2 bioenergy cycle chain via the modification also greatly solved the environmental biowaste pollutions in the world.
Conclusions
The described two type biogases effectively addressed the issues on energy, food, and environmental pollution. The green renewable bioenergy from the food cycle chain may be one of suitable alternatives to fossil and tree fuels for agricultural countries. 相似文献
Researches on the removal of dicofol catalyzed by immobilized cellulase were conducted. Factors, such as acidity, temperature, enzyme activity, and initial concentration of dicofol, which could influence the removal were studied. The optimal pH for dicofol removal by immobilized cellulase was approximately 4–7, broader than that for free enzymes. The removal efficiencies for immobilized and free cellulase both decreased with increasing initial concentration of dicofol. The Km for immobilized cellulase was slightly lower than that of free cellulase, suggesting that substrate affinity may be enhanced by immobilization. The optimum temperatures for immobilized and free cellulase were 45 °C and 50 °C. The removal reaction for immobilized cellulase was found to be a first-order reaction. The activation energy was 64.3 kJ mol−1. The continuous oxidation of dicofol carried out in the static system of immobilized cellulase showed that the removal efficiency of immobilized cellulase remained after six cycles of operation. Thus, the catalytic efficiency of cellulase was improved greatly. As evidenced by infrared and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry data, the mechanism of reaction might involve an attack by the OH free radical of cellulase at a weak location of the dicofol molecule, resulting in the removal of three chlorine atoms from dicofol, thus oxygenizing dicofol and producing 4,4′-dichloro-dibenzophenone. 相似文献
Knowledge of the effects of climate factors on net primary production (NPP) is pivotal to understanding ecosystem processes
in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Our goal was to evaluate four different categories of effects (physical, climatic, NDVI,
and all effects[global]) as predictors of forest NPP in eastern China. We developed regression models with data from 221 NPP
in eastern China and identified the best model with each of the four categories of effects. Models explained a large part
of the variability in NPP, ranging from 46.8% in global model to 36.5% in NDVI model. In the most supported global model,
winter temperature and sunshine duration negatively affected NPP, while winter precipitation positively affected NPP. Thus,
winter climate conditions play an important role in modulating forest NPP of eastern China. Spring temperature had a positive
affect on NPP, which was likely because a favorable warm climate in the early growing season promotes forest growth. Forest
NPP was also negatively affected by summer and autumn temperatures, possibly because these are related to temperature induced
drought stress. In the NDVI model, forest NPP was affected by NDVI in spring (positive), summer (negative) and winter (negative)
seasons. Our study provides insight into seasonal effects of climate and NPP of forest in China, as well as useful knowledge
for the development of climate-vegetation models. 相似文献
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have received considerable attention for their toxic effects on crops and potential application in agriculture. In order to investigate the biological effects of CuO NPs on plants, we exposed cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to two sizes of CuO NPs (510 nm, μCuO and 43 nm, nCuO). Results indicated that with concentration increased, the available Cu content in soil increased significantly. The addition of CuO NPs increased Cu content and other nutrient element (e.g., K, P, Mn, and Zn) content in plants. However, diverse particle sizes had different effects. The nCuO treatment had larger translocation factor, higher nutrient element content in fruits, and lower oxidative damage than μCuO treatment. Moreover, nCuO of 100 mg/kg could stimulate cucumber growth, while μCuO had no obvious effects on growth. Conclusively, CuO NPs could be used as copper fertilizer to supply copper to cucumber. The nCuO had better effects on improving the bioavailability of Cu and nutritional value of fruits. These results can help develop strategies for safe disposal of CuO NPs as agricultural fertilizer.