水中阿特拉津测定的干扰消除研究

建立了使用硅胶净化小柱净化、氮磷检测器检测水中阿特拉津的方法。结果表明,经过硅胶柱净化后的生活污水,基本消除基质干扰。采用具有氮磷检测器的气相色谱仪检测阿特拉津,其质量浓度在0.10～2.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2=0.999,方法检出限为0.2μg/L,测定下限为0.8μg/L。空白样品加标回收率为90.0%～93.5%,实际样品加标回收率为88.5%～90.3%,相对标准偏差均10%。该方法简单、快速、准确,可以消除阿特拉津测试中基质和同系物的干扰。     

Waste control by waste: efficient removal of bisphenol A with steel slag,a novel activator of peroxydisulfate

Activated persulfates are efficient reagents for oxidation of organic contaminants and water treatment. Various compounds are currently used to activate persulfates, but there is a need for cheap and efficient activators. Here, we report the first use of steel slag, an industrial solid waste, as a solid activator for peroxydisulfate activation. We tested this system for bisphenol A degradation. Results indicate that about 70% of bisphenol A can be removed within 1 h. Conditions were 50 μg/L of bisphenol A, 2 g/L of peroxydisulfate, 3 g/L of steel slag and temperature of 298 K. The components and surface morphology of unused and recycled steel slag were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, whereas the main reactive oxygen species were elucidated by using radical scavengers. Findings show that both base oxides and iron oxides are responsible for peroxydisulfate activation. A redox mechanism involving liquid and solid phases is proposed. Overall, this study reveals the successful recycling of steel slag to activate persulfates for water treatment, following the principle of ‘waste control by waste.’     

典型喀斯特河流水-气界面二氧化碳交换特性及其营养调控因素

为探索喀斯特河流水-气界面二氧化碳（CO₂）交换特性及其营养控制因素,以我国典型喀斯特河流——芙蓉江为研究对象,探索了区域气象水文参数、碳酸盐平衡参数、营养元素及总有机碳（TOC）的空间变化特征,同时分析了CO₂分压（pCO₂）的空间变化调控因素,pCO₂与总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和TOC及其化学计量比的耦合关系,对比了该研究河流与世界河流的CO₂排放情况.结果表明,芙蓉江水-气界面CO₂交换速率（k）在2.71~13.0 m·d^-1范围内,pCO₂在78.5~21491.2 Pa范围内,且支流高于干流;河流表层水体TOC、TN和TP分别为（302.8±50.1）、（128.9±67.9）和（0.65±0.98）μmol·L^-1,整体表现为磷限制营养状态;河流pCO₂与磷及其相关的化学计量比显著耦合,说明微生物新陈代谢是河流CO₂饱和的主要原因;芙蓉江水-气界面CO₂排放通量（F）为（534.5±801.4） mmol·（m²·d）^-1,高于一些世界河流,具有巨大的CO₂排放潜力.     

Typhoon hazards in the Shanghai area

There are three major typhoon hazards that apply to the Shanghai area. First, galeforce winds can damage buildings and service facilities. The most severe damage from this occurs only when a typhoon strikes Shanghai directly. Second, both the urban and rural sections of Shanghai are liable to flooding during typhoon seasons. These floods occur when typhoon-induced storm surges coincide with high spring tides and meet with high discharges from the river network as a result of the typhoon downpours. Third, typhoon-induced torrential rain has caused waterlog hazards, particularly in the most densely populated parts of Shanghai. The waterlog hazard has been exacerbated by land subsidence and poor management of pumping systems. In order to prevent disasters happening and reduce the scale of damage, the government has issued construction guidelines and invested in flood defences. Further measures are to be brought in including engineering projects, educational programmes and insurance policies.     

城市污水再生处理过程中病原性原虫的去除特性

通过定期监测北京市某城市污水再生处理过程各单元出水中的隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(两虫)浓度,系统考察了污水再生处理系统对两虫的去除特性.结果表明,原污水、初沉池出水、二沉池出水、絮凝沉淀池出水和砂滤池出水中隐孢子虫的平均检出量分别为238、179、6、1、0.3个·L-1,贾第鞭毛虫的平均检出量分别为1 568、1048、22、4、0.6个·L-1.污水再生处理系统对隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的总去除率分别为2.98log(99.895%)和3.46log(99.965%).一级处理工艺对污水中两虫的去除效果并不理想,去除率分别只有0.13log和0.18log.二级生物处理对两虫的去除贡献最大,去除率分别达1.50log和1.67log.污水深度处理工艺(絮凝-沉淀-砂滤)能有效提高两虫的去除效果.污水厂进水中的两虫检出量随季节变化,雨季较低,旱季较高.     

农药对陆生生物的生态毒性及风险评估

农药的使用会对非靶标生物造成影响,由此世界各国都采取了风险控制手段以预防农药造成的生态危害。本文综述了欧洲、美国和日本针对农药开展的陆生生态系统风险评估方法,包括陆生非靶标生物、风险评估模型、风险评估的基本方法及生态毒性的评价指标。同时分析了农药登记管理对陆生生生物的生态毒性及风险评估中存在的科学问题,且提出了方法学的发展方向。     

内蒙古河套灌区秋浇对不同类型农田土壤盐分淋失的影响

秋浇是河套灌区传统的秋后淋盐、春季保墒的一种特殊灌溉制度 ,秋浇对不同类型农田盐分损失影响的试验结果表明 ,秋浇前白菜地土壤含水率最高 ,向日葵地最低 ,秋浇后 5种农田土壤含水率均较高 ,且彼此间无显著性差异。秋浇后不同土壤剖面盐分的损失量按照表层 (0～ 40cm)、中层 (40～ 80cm)、深层 (80～ 1 2 0cm)依次递减(向日葵地除外 )。不同农田的盐分淋失量按照白菜地、向日葵地、玉米地、小麦 -玉米地、小麦地依次递减。非生长季灌溉下 ,农田土壤 0～ 1 0 0cm土层中盐分的淋失量与土壤储水量的增加量 (灌溉前土壤含水率 <2 50 g·kg- 1 ,r =0 .990 2 )密切相关 ,但与灌溉前土壤盐分初始含量无显著性关系     

城市生态可持续发展指标的进展

建设生态城市是一种国际趋势,也在中国受到关注。为了监测评估城市的生态可持续发展,要有一套科学的指标体系。文章讨论了生态城市的特点;评述了国外的3类指标体系和国内采用世界银行“真实储蓄率”指标在城市一应用研究,提出了建立这类指标的一些原则与方法。     

种植密度和降水对冬小麦田N2O排放的影响

为研究种植密度对农田N2O排放的影响和探讨N2O排放季节性波动的原因，于1999～2000年小麦生长季在南京市郊江宁县进行了不同播种量（0.90、180和270kg/hm^2）和大田试验，观测分析结果表明：在相同的气象条件和田间管理下，播种～越冬阶段的N2O排放不受播种量的影响，近青～成熟阶段的N2O排放通量与播种量成正比，裸地条件下的N2O排放与播量为90kg/hm^2下的排放无明显差异，造成该生长季内N2O排放季节性波动的主要原因是降水，返表～成熟阶段的N2O排放通量随观测日前6d的加权平均降水解呈指数增加。