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11.
Mette Vaarst Lis Alban Lisbeth Mogensen Stig Milan Thamsborg Erik Steen Kristensen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2001,14(4):367-390
During the past few years,organic dairy farming has grown dramatically inDenmark. Consequently, an increasing number ofpeople are encountering this method ofproduction for the first time. Amongst these,many veterinarians have suddenly had to dealwith organic herds in their home district, and,meeting examples of poor animal welfare, theyhave recently started to express some concerns.Against this background, a so-called``Synthesis of Knowledge' project was initiatedto examine the health and welfare of dairycattle and the use of medication in thetransition to organic production. The aim ofthe project was to investigate associatedproblems from the point of view of the dairyherd. Based on qualitative research interviewswith vets and agricultural advisors, as well asfocus group interviews with farmers who hadrecently converted from conventional to organicfarming, an expert panel attempted to identifyproblem areas and possible solutions. Theproblems related to (a) the adjustment to newand unknown practices, (b) poor management ingeneral, and (c) inappropriate legislation fororganic farming.One problem area was the rearing of dairycalves, particularly with regard to theestablishment of post partumrelationships between cow and calf, grouphousing, and the grazing of young animals. A``natural life' was identified as beingfundamental to organic animal husbandry. Interms of animal welfare, this concept can beunderstood as a way of living in which the calfis allowed to express its natural behavior andsatisfy its natural needs. Essentially, theconditions needed for good calf welfare requirethe compatibility and interplay of elementsfrom ``nature' (the natural life; includingopportunities to satisfy natural needs) and``culture' (farmer management skills; exerciseof care). These elements should be balanced toensure animal welfare in organic herds. 相似文献
12.
Close association between an anoestrous female at the time of lactation and adult male(s) is relatively rare in mammals, but
common in baboons (Papio hamadryas subsp.). The functional significance of these “friendships” remains unclear, however. In chacma baboons (P. h. griseipes), friendships are a counter-strategy to infanticide by immigrant males. Experimental playback of female distress calls in
chacma baboons revealed that male friends are more motivated to protect females and infants than are control males. Olive
baboons (P. h. anubis) also exhibit friendships, but infanticide is rare, suggesting that friendships provide females with protection from non-lethal
aggression (anti-harassment hypothesis) or serve to promote male–infant bonds that later benefit the maturing juvenile (future
male caretaker hypothesis). We replicated these playback experiments on a group of olive baboons to test between these hypotheses
and to evaluate if the lower costs of non-lethal harassment lessens male protective responsiveness relative to protection
from (more costly) infanticide. Spatial data revealed that most lactating females had one to four friend males. Relative to
non-friends, friend dyads were characterized by higher rates of allogrooming and infant handling, but less agonism. Female
rank was correlated with the number of male friends. Just as in chacma baboons, playback of female screams elicited stronger
responses from male friends than control males in support the anti-harassment hypothesis. Compared to the chacma baboon, male
olive baboons appeared to exhibit similarly high levels of protective solicitude for female friends although they protect
against non-lethal harassment rather than infanticide. 相似文献
13.
Graham W. Prescott William J. Sutherland Daniel Aguirre Matthew Baird Vicky Bowman Jake Brunner Grant M. Connette Martin Cosier David Dapice Jose Don T. De Alban Alex Diment Julia Fogerite Jefferson Fox Win Hlaing Saw Htun Jack Hurd Katherine LaJeunesse Connette Felicia Lasmana Cheng Ling Lim Antony Lynam Aye Chan Maung Benjamin McCarron John F. McCarthy William J. McShea Frank Momberg Myat Su Mon Than Myint Robert Oberndorf Thaung Naing Oo Jacob Phelps Madhu Rao Dietrich Schmidt‐Vogt Hugh Speechly Oliver Springate‐Baginski Robert Steinmetz Kirk Talbott Maung Maung Than Tint Lwin Thaung Salai Cung Lian Thawng Kyaw Min Thein Shwe Thein Robert Tizard Tony Whitten Guy Williams Trevor Wilson Kevin Woods Alan D. Ziegler Michal Zrust Edward L. Webb 《Conservation biology》2017,31(6):1257-1270
Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions. 相似文献
14.
Dorothee Kremers Juliana López Marulanda Martine Hausberger Alban Lemasson 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2014,101(11):907-911
Magnetoreception, meaning the perception of magnetic fields, is supposed to play an important role for orientation/navigation in some terrestrial and aquatic species. Although some spatial observations of free-ranging cetaceans’ migration routes and stranding sites led to the assumption that cetaceans may be sensitive to the geomagnetic field, experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we tested the spontaneous response of six captive bottlenose dolphins to the presentation of two magnetized and demagnetized controlled devices while they were swimming freely. Dolphins approached the device with shorter latency when it contained a strongly magnetized neodymium block compared to a control demagnetized block that was identical in form and density and therefore undistinguishable with echolocation. We conclude that dolphins are able to discriminate the two stimuli on the basis of their magnetic properties, a prerequisite for magnetoreception-based navigation. 相似文献
15.
Vishwakarma Dinesh Kumar Ali Rawshan Bhat Shakeel Ahmad Elbeltagi Ahmed Kushwaha Nand Lal Kumar Rohitashw Rajput Jitendra Heddam Salim Kuriqi Alban 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(55):83321-83346
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dams significantly impact river hydrology by changing the timing, size, and frequency of low and high flows, resulting in a hydrologic regime that... 相似文献
16.
El-kenawy El-Sayed M. Zerouali Bilel Bailek Nadjem Bouchouich Kada Hassan Muhammed A. Almorox Javier Kuriqi Alban Eid Marwa Ibrahim Abdelhameed 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(54):81279-81299
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Evapotranspiration is an important quantity required in many applications, such as hydrology and agricultural and irrigation planning. Reference... 相似文献
17.
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - The objective of this paper is to evaluate the indirect impacts of a set-aside policy on the environment through crop intensification. We estimate a... 相似文献