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41.
Baeza A Corbacho JA Guillén J Salas A Mora JC Robles B Cancio D 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(3):1064-1072
The production of electricity in coal-fired power plants (CFPP) is considered a NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) activity because the coals they burn can present relatively high contents of the naturally occurring radionuclides. In this study, the main radiological impact pathways into the surrounding environments of the four largest coal-fired power plants in Spain were analyzed. These pathways are, first, atmospheric evacuations and wind resuspension and, second, effluent evacuations to nearby rivers or directly to the sea. The atmospheric releases of radionuclides were evaluated by the analyses of soil profiles in the vicinities of the CFPPs. No significant enhancement of radionuclides in the surface soil was observed at the points of maximum deposition of combustion gases, located from 4.3 to 13 km away depending on the considered CFPP. However, an increase of (40)K, (226)Ra, and (232)Th in the surface soils was observed in the first kilometre from the chimney for two CFPPs. This suggested that these radionuclides were released in particulate form. There was also a net influence of the climate in which the CFPPs were located. This was observed in the two CFPPs that were in dry environments, while no increase was observed in the other two, located in more humid environments. The liquid effluents released usually presented an enhancement of dissolved chemical species regarding the initial intake water. Enrichments of the (234,238)U and (226)Ra contents in the water used in the plants' routine procedures were observed, and of (210)Po in the wastewater of just one of the plants. In any case, this enhancement was below the parametric value for the Total Indicative Dose for the hypothetical human consumption of the released waters. As a consequence of these releases of radionuclides, local products destined for human consumption produced in the vicinity of the facilities might incorporate natural radionuclides by these pathways, finding no significant enhancement of the natural radionuclide contents due to the CFPPs. 相似文献
42.
Packing material formulation for odorous emission biofiltration 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In biological gas treatment, like biofiltration of volatile organic compounds or odorous substances, the microbial nutritional needs could be a key factor of the process. The aim of this work is to propose a new packing material able to provide the lacking nutrients. In the first part of this study, two kinds of material composed of calcium carbonate, an organic binder and two different nitrogen sources, ammonium phosphate and urea phosphate (UP), were compared. The new supports present bulk densities between 0.88 and 1.15g cm(-3), moisture retention capacities close to 50% and 70%, and water cohesion capacities greater than six months for the material with 20% binder. In the second part, oxygen consumption measurements in liquid experiments show that these packing materials could enhance bacterial growth compared to pine bark or pozzolan and have no inhibitory effect. The biodegradation of different substrates (sodium sulfide and ammonia) and the support colonization by the biomass were evaluated. Finally, UP 20 was chosen and tested in a hydrogen sulfide or ammoniac biofiltration process. This showed that, for H2S concentrations greater than 100mg m(-3), UP 20 has a real advantage over pine bark or pozzolan. 相似文献
43.
Daniel P. Cartamil Chugey A. Sepulveda Nicholas C. Wegner Scott A. Aalbers Andres Baquero Jeffrey B. Graham 《Marine Biology》2011,158(4):935-944
The common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) is a secondary target species of the California drift gillnet fishery (CA-DGN) and supports a growing recreational fishery
in California waters. This study used archival tags to examine the movement patterns and habitat preferences of common threshers
of the size range captured in the CA-DGN (>120 cm fork length). Depth and temperature-logging archival tags were deployed
on 57 subadult and adult common threshers in the Southern California Bight. Tags from five individuals (8.8%) were recovered,
and 154 days of data were successfully obtained from four of these. By night, shark movements were primarily limited to waters
above the thermocline, which ranged in depth from 15 to 20 m. Sharks were significantly deeper by day, and daytime vertical
distribution consisted of two distinct modes: a ‘shallow mode’ (wherein sharks occupied only the upper 20 m of the water column)
and a ‘deep mode’ (characterized by frequent vertical excursions below the thermocline). This modal switch is interpreted
as relating to regional differences in abundance of surface-oriented prey and prey in deeper water. Maximum dive depth was
320 m, greatest dive duration was 712 min, minimum temperature experienced during a dive was 9.1°C, and dive descent rate
was significantly greater than ascent rate. Sharks inhabited waters corresponding to a sea surface temperature range of 16
to 21°C. The nocturnal depth distribution of common threshers has implications for management of drift gillnet deployment
depths in the CA-DGN. 相似文献
44.
This article argues that climate change, seen as a socially constructed anticipation of natural disasters and a future-risk that plays out in present politics, is enabling the emergence of new modes of governance in cities of the global south. The article focuses on the process by which the city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, developed a Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategy. Within the context of climate change adaptation, Esmeraldas mobilised new discourses, stakeholders, and planning mechanisms to address pre-existing urban planning and development limitations. This discursively enabled the municipality's ongoing governance project by leveraging resources, creating consensus, and informing practice. Climate change adaptation thus became an important mechanism for engaging with local priorities, particularly those of the most vulnerable populations, and for bridging the gap between the formal world of policymaking and the reality of life in the city, which is more often structured by informality. 相似文献
45.
Measurements of tritium specific activity levels and of temperatures in waters of the Torrejón-Tagus reservoir (Spain) showed that their radioactive characteristics were basically influenced by the radioactive liquid effluent from the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant. This enters the Torrejón-Tagus reservoir via the Arrocampo cooling reservoir, which exchanges water with the first. We studied the temporal and spatial (in two dimensions) evolution of the mentioned parameters for years 1997 and 1998. The tritium levels were found to be significantly correlated with temperature. Two numerical models were constructed for a quantitative study of the tritium levels along Torrejón reservoir: a 1D model was used for the dispersion of tritium along the whole length of the reservoir, and a 2D depth-averaged model was used for a detailed study of the area where tritium is released into the reservoir. Both models solve the hydrodynamic equations, to obtain the currents induced by the exchanges of water between the reservoirs in the River Tagus and Arrocampo, and the advection/diffusion equation to calculate the dispersion of tritium. In general, the model results were in agreement with the experimental observations. 相似文献
46.
Edgar Hernandez-Andrade Jesus Andres Benavides Serralde Rogelio Cruz-Martinez 《黑龙江环境通报》2012,32(2):103-112
Assessment of the fetal cerebral circulation provides important information on the hemodynamic changes associated with chronic hypoxia and intrauterine growth restriction. Despite the incorporation of new US parameters, the landmark for the fetal brain hemodynamic evaluation is still the middle cerebral artery. However, new vascular territories, such as the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries, might provide additional information on the onset of the brain sparing effect. The fractional moving blood volume estimation and three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound indices are new techniques that seem to be promising in indentifying cases at earlier stages of vascular deterioration; still, they are not available for clinical application and more information is needed on the reproducibility and advantages of three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound blood flow indices. In the past, the brain sparing effect was considered as a protective mechanism; however, recent information challenges this concept. There is growing evidence of an association between brain sparing effect and increased risk of abnormal neurodevelopment after birth. Even in mild late-onset intrauterine growth restriction affected fetuses with normal umbilical artery blood flow, increased cerebral blood perfusion can be associated with a substantial risk of abnormal neuroadaptation and neurodevelopment during childhood. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
47.
48.
Emiliano H. Ocampo Jesús D. Nuñez Maximiliano Cledón J. Antonio Baeza 《Marine Biology》2014,161(9):2107-2120
Two ill-explored hypotheses might explain host castration by parasitic pea crabs. The ‘energy drain’ hypothesis states that castration is caused by host-derived nutrient consumption of parasites that ultimately diminishes host-energy intake. The ‘steric interference’ hypothesis states that castration occurs when parasites physically inhibit host reproduction. This study evaluated whether Calyptraeotheres garthi, a pea crab from the southwestern Atlantic, is a parasitic castrator and explored whether the two hypotheses above explain castration in the limpet Crepidula cachimilla. None of three studied limpet species brooded embryos during the reproductive season when infested by mature female pea crabs. Also, limpets of C. cachimilla infested by C. garthi did not reproduce during a 90-day experimental period while crab-free limpets did spawn embryos during this period. Limpets resumed reproduction soon after pea crabs were experimentally removed from their brooding chamber. Thus, C. garthi does castrate limpets, and castration is reversible. Pea crabs ‘steal’ food from limpets, and infested limpets did not modify their feeding behavior to counteract nutrient loss. Thus, infested limpets are expected to ingest less food which provides partial support for the ‘energy drain’ hypothesis. However, the limpet’s body condition increased or was not affected by pea crabs during the breeding season which argues against the same hypothesis. Furthermore, that limpets promptly recovered reproductive activity once pea crabs were experimentally removed, that castration was not induced by the smallest pea crabs in the population (that fill only partially the brooding chamber), and that parasitized limpets did exhibit fully mature ovaries, support the ‘steric interference’ hypothesis explaining parasitic castration. 相似文献
49.
Andres Gartmann Mathias D. Müller Eberhard Parlow Roland Vogt 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2012,12(2):185-200
Studying urban air-transport phenomena is highly complex, because of the heterogenous flow patterns that can arise. The main
reason for these is the variable topology of urban areas, however, there is a large number of influencing variables such as
meteorological conditions (e.g., wind situation, temperature) and anthropogenic factors such as traffic emissions. During
a one-year CO2 measurement campaign in the city of Basel, Switzerland, steep CO2 gradients were measured around a large building. The concentration differences showed a strong dependency on the local flow
regimes. Analysis of the field data alone did not provide a complete explanation for the mechanisms underlying the observed
phenomena. The key numerical parameters were defined and the influence of turbulent kinetic energy dependency on the time
interval for the Reynolds decomposition was studied. A Reynolds-Average Navier-Stokes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach
was applied in the study area and the CO2 concentrations were simulated for six significant meteorological situations and compared to the measured data. Two flow regimes
dependent on the wind situation, which either enhanced or suppressed the concentration of CO2 in the street canyon, were identified. The enhancement of CO2 in the street canyon led to a large difference in CO2 concentration between the backyard- and street-sides of a building forming the one wall of the canyon. The specific characteristics
of the flow patterns led to the identification of the processes determining the observed differences in CO2 concentrations. The combined analysis of measurement and modeling showed the importance of reliable field measurements and
CFD simulations with a high spatial resolution to assess transport mechanisms in urban areas. 相似文献
50.