日本地震救灾志愿者活动述评

介绍日本地震救灾志愿者组织的早期形成和发展历程,结合日本的几次大地震归纳其志愿者活动的作用、管理、运行和发展概况。通过将我国汶川地震志愿者的救灾活动与日本的地震救灾志愿者行动进行对比,发现了我国地震救灾志愿者组织存在的问题,期望能对我国以后的地震救灾志愿者行动提供一些启示。     

鞍钢钢绳厂生产污水处理的工艺设计及运行效果

本文介绍了鞍钢钢绳厂生产废水处理工艺,包括沉淀系统、气浮系统、砂滤罐过滤系统。通过试验确定p H为11时,沉淀系统对Zn2+的去除率达到98.4%。通过正交试验确定当PAC用量为20 mg/L、PAM用量为2 mg/L、p H 7.5、气浮压力为1.2 Mpa时气浮系统对钢绳厂废水中SS、石油类、COD的去除率分别达到90%、70%、70%。经过砂滤罐过滤系统后废水中的SS为20 mg/L、石油类为2 mg/L、COD为48 mg/L,其去除率分别达到94%、78%、80%。     

2014年北京市城区臭氧超标日浓度特征及与气象条件的关系

根据2014年1~12月北京市环境保护监测中心监测的O₃浓度数据,综合探讨了北京市O₃的时空分布及与其气象条件的关系.结果表明:2014年北京市全年O₃小时平均浓度约为56.18 μg·m^-3,O₃超标日小时平均浓度约为148.05 μg·m^-3且超标日主要集中在5~9月;超标日O₃日变化呈现单峰型分布,06:00或07:00为低谷,15:00、16:00左右达到峰值;超标日O₃浓度在09:00~23:00明显高于夏季同时间段浓度平均;空间分布上中心城区站点O₃浓度相对较低,而城区西部植物园站点浓度最高;统计的2014年北京市O₃超标日地面形势场3种类型高压类、低压类、均压类各占16%、36%、48%;超标日O₃浓度与气压、湿度、能见度呈负相关关系,与风速、温度呈正相关关系; 2014年5月29日~6月1日北京市发生的一次O₃重污染过程是由本地光化学污染及区域输送造成的,区域输送对北京市O₃浓度有着十分重要的影响.     

粤桂水源地有机氯农药的污染特征及生态风险

利用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS)检测了粤桂水源地7个采样点水样中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度,分析了研究区OCPs的污染特征;利用BurrⅢ型分布构建了8种OCPs的物种敏感度分布曲线,并计算出不同OCPs对淡水水生生物的HC5(hazardous concentration for 5%species)值,最后应用安全阈值法评价了OCPs对水生生物的生态风险.结果表明,OCPs的浓度在6.64~34.19 ng·L~(-1)之间,平均值为16.76 ng·L~(-1),HCHs和DDTs及其降解产物在污染物中的贡献比例较大.HCHs主要来自家庭杀虫剂中的林丹,DDTs主要来自三氯杀螨醇的污染或历史残留.脊椎动物对OCPs的耐受性高于无脊椎动物,α-硫丹对水生植物和微生物的影响较大,p,p'-DDT对脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的影响较大.粤桂水源地OCPs对水生生物没有显著的生态风险,但DDTs和α-硫丹对水生生物存在较高的潜在风险,应加以重视.     

上海典型持续性PM2.5重度污染的数值模拟

本研究针对2013年1月23~24日的上海PM_(2.5)持续重污染过程,采用WRF-Chem大气化学模式以及PM_(2.5)质量浓度、能见度、气象要素等地面实测资料相结合的方式,揭示了造成上海冬季PM_(2.5)持续性重污染的一类"天气学必要成因",即一次弱冷空气活动过程导致了两种不利污染天气条件——"弱气压场(静稳形势)"和"弱冷空气扩散(输送形势)",两者先后影响上海造成PM_(2.5)浓度持续上升.主要过程如下:首先弱冷空气影响之前,上海处在不利的局地气象扩散条件下,受弱气压场控制10 h后本地PM_(2.5)质量浓度达到重度污染水平,之后夜间稳定边界层(地面静风和低层逆温)使得PM_(2.5)重度污染维持了7h,期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为172.4μg·m~(-3).后期弱冷空气影响上海,虽然改善了局地扩散条件但是同时产生了明显的周边污染物输送,使得本地PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高并达到峰值(280μg·m~(-3)),继续加重污染水平,期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为213.6μg·m~(-3).WRF-Chem模拟结果进一步表明,整个污染过程周边区域输送对上海PM_(2.5)平均贡献率为23%,其中两个阶段周边区域输送的平均贡献率分别为17.2%和32.2%,可见在不同的污染天气条件下周边污染源的贡献存在显著差异,因此可以根据对污染天气类型的预判制定应急减排方案.     

废旧锌锰电池生物淋滤-水热法制备纳米锰锌铁氧体

以氧化硫硫杆菌(A.thiooxidans)和氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌(L.ferrooxidans)为混合淋滤菌株对废旧锌锰电池进行了生物浸提,并以获取的淋滤液为前驱体,采用水热法制备出系列锰锌铁氧体软磁材料(Mn_(1-x)Zn_xFe_2O_4,x=0.2~0.8);结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEMEDX)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)等表征手段对制备材料的结构、形貌、磁学性能和稳定性进行分析.结果表明,在5%固液比(质量体积比,5 g/100 mL,以下均表述为"5%固液比")下,经过5 d的外源酸调控生物浸提,分别获得了84.5%、63.2%的Zn、Mn浸出效率;当Zn∶Mn∶Fe=0.4∶0.6∶2.0(物质的量比,即x=0.4)时,制备的纳米级Mn_(0.6)Zn_(0.4)Fe_2O_4性能最优,属纯相的立方尖晶石结构,颗粒分布均匀,饱和磁化强度(M_s)、剩余磁化强度(M_r)和矫顽力(H_c)分别为68.9 emu·g~(-1)、4.7 emu·g~(-1)和53.6 Oe,具有热稳定性和耐酸碱性,有望成为一种新型的水处理磁性材料.     

灰色模型理论在环境空气质量趋势分析中的应用

根据泰州市保护局公布的2006 ～ 2010泰州市环境空气的监测数据,利用灰色系统GM(1,1)残差修正模型,分析预测未来5年的环境空气质量.预测结果显示,泰州市未来5年环境空气质量将持续好转,这表明,泰州市近年来采取的产业结构调整和清洁能源战略实施卓有成效.     

Role of cosubstrate and bioaccessibility played in the enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in a paddy soil by nitrate and methyl-β-cyclodextrin amendments

The present study was conducted to investigate the anaerobic biodegradation potential of biostimulation by nitrate (KNO₃) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) addition on an aged organochlorine pesticide (OCP)-contaminated paddy soil. After 180 days of incubation, total OCP biodegradation was highest in soil receiving the addition of nitrate and MCD simultaneously and then followed by nitrate addition, MCD addition, and control. The highest biodegradation of chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, endosulfans, and total OCPs was 74.3, 63.5, 51.2, and 65.1 %, respectively. Meanwhile, MCD addition significantly increased OCP bioaccessibility (p?<?0.05) evaluated by Tenax TA extraction and a three-compartment model method. Moreover, the addition of nitrate and MCD also obtained the highest values of soil microbial activities, including soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ATP production, denitrifying bacteria count, and nitrate reductase activity. Such similar trend between OCP biodegradation and soil-denitrifying activities suggests a close relationship between OCP biodegradation and N cycling and the indirect/direct involvement of soil microorganisms, especially denitrifying microorganisms in the anaerobic biodegradation of OCPs.     

Stabilization of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash using silica fume

The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of silica fume on stabilizing heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash. In addition to compressive strength measurements, hydrated pastes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal-analyses (DTA/TG), and MAS NMR (²⁷Al and ²⁹Si) techniques. It was found that silica fume additions could effectively reduce the leaching of toxic heavy metals. At the addition of 20% silica fume, leaching concentrations for Cu, Pb and Zn of the hydrated paste cured for 7 days decreased from 0.32 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L, 40.99 mg/L to 4.40 mg/L, and 6.96 mg/L to 0.21 mg/L compared with the MSWI fly ash. After curing for 135 days, Cd and Pb in the leachates were not detected, while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased to 0.02 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L. The speciation of Pb and Cd by the modified version of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) extractions showed that these metals converted into more stable state in hydrated pastes of MSWI fly ash in the presence of silica fume. Although exchangeable and weak-acid soluble fractions of Cu and Zn increased with hydration time, silica fume addition of 10% can satisfy the requirement of detoxification for heavy metals investigated in terms of the identification standard of hazardous waste of China.