氧化沟水力特性对处理效果和能耗的影响

氧化沟水力特性对沟内溶解氧浓度和混合液流速梯度分布影响很大,可对最终的处理效果和能耗产生重要的影响.以处理能力500 m³/d的单沟型Passver氧化沟为例,对沟内的流场分布进行了计算模拟与实测,提出了改善氧化沟水力特性的措施,并分析了改善措施对运行能耗的影响,结果表明,在曝气转刷下游的弯道处分别设置张角90°,150°,180°的导流墙均可降低局部阻力,且随着张角的增大,效果越为显著,当张角为180°时,可降低局部能耗10%左右;在转刷转速72 r/min的条件下,增设张角180°的导流墙不会对溶解氧的分布产生较大影响.根据氧化沟处理低浓度生活污水的实际运行结果,采用活性污泥模拟软件对水力特性改善前后的处理效果进行了模拟计算,结果表明,设置导流墙前后出水水质变化不大.     

长江中游四大家鱼产卵场的生态水文特性分析

青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼是长江流域重要的经济鱼类,但近几年其资源量急剧下降,大量水利工程的修建及河道整治是导致其资源量下降的重要原因之一。为了保护四大家鱼种质资源,确定四大家鱼产卵、繁殖同水文情势的关系,为大型水利工程的生态调度提供依据,研究选取长江中游四大家鱼产卵期的9项相关生态水文指标,分析其在四大家鱼产卵场及非产卵场之间的差异。分析结果表明,所选取的9项生态水文指标在产卵场断面和非产卵场断面没有显著差异,它们只是刺激四大家鱼产卵的必要条件,而非充分条件。同时,选取葛洲坝下典型产卵场江口断面,对比分析该断面在三峡工程正式运行前后四大家鱼产卵期内生态水文情势的变化。结果表明,所选取的9项生态水文指标大多无明显差异,个别指标因三峡蓄水略有变化,但由于三峡蓄水后时间序列较短,且2004~2006年长江来水情况较为特殊,因而目前尚无法定量化三峡工程的修建对下游四大家鱼产卵场的影响。     

Life-cycle assessment of two sewage sludge-to-energy systems based on different sewage sludge characteristics: Energy balance and greenhouse gas-emission footprint analysis

Anaerobic digestion and incineration are widely used sewage sludge(SS) treatment and disposal approaches to recovering energy from SS, but it is difficult to select a suitable technical process from the various technologies. In this study, life-cycle assessments were adopted to compare the energy-and greenhouse gas-(GHG) emission footprints of two sludge-to-energy systems. One system uses a combination of AD with incineration(the AI system),whereas the other was simplified by direct incineration...     

热喷涂高铝含量Zn-Al合金涂层热带岛礁大气环境腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究Zn-Al合金涂层在热带海洋大气环境中的腐蚀行为,为低合金钢长效防护涂层的选用提供依据。方法 采用电弧热喷涂和高铝合金丝制备高铝含量Zn-Al合金涂层,通过户外暴露试验,采用目视、扫描电镜及能谱仪、金相显微镜、XRD、电化学交流阻抗谱和动电位极化曲线等方法,对不同暴露周期的涂层宏观、微观表面形貌、成分组成、截面形貌、腐蚀产物组成、电化学性能和腐蚀速率等进行观察、测试。结果Zn-Al合金涂层是以质量比为50%:50%的Zn/Al合金组成。在0～540 d周期内,涂层腐蚀产物主要由碱式锌铝碳酸盐化合物Zn₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO₃·H₂O和羟基锌铝碳酸盐化合物Zn_0.70Al_0.30(OH)₂(CO₃)_0.15·x H₂O、Zn_0.71Al_0.29(OH)₂(CO_3<...     

浮萍植物在污水处理中的应用研究进展

浮萍科植物是漂浮生长在水流相对平缓的湖泊河湾水面上植物类群,整个植株完全退化为一个呈圆形或椭圆形的叶状体,主要是通过根或叶状体从水中吸收所需的氮磷等各种营养物质.浮萍科植物的氮磷含量和生长速率高并可以耐受多种污水条件,因此这个类群是污水处理生态工程中重要的水生植物类群.以浮萍为主的污水处理系统已得到较多的研究和应用,这类系统最大特点是浮萍的生长可以大量吸收污水中的氮磷,从而具有较高的氮磷去除率,同时生成的生物量可多种方式利用.因此利用这类系统对污水进行氮磷的处理与转化,并将生成的浮萍生物量适当地资源化利用是未来的发展方向.     

The perception of households about solid waste management issues in Malaysia

With the aim being to have an integrated and efficient management system, Malaysia is currently facing a remarkable waste issue with a massive increase in waste generated per day. This study collected 400 survey responses to assess the satisfaction and awareness of households about various issues of solid waste management. This study revealed that the majority of the respondents were satisfied with their waste management services. However, there was concern about providing a more diverse waste management facility. This study found a strong positive relationship between age and waste reduction behaviours. The majority of the respondents agreed that their lifestyle affected waste minimisation. Almost half of the respondents indicated that they lacked knowledge to practise waste sorting. Age and education were positively correlated to reuse and recycling behaviours. Overall, a holistic waste management education is vital for Malaysia to build an efficient waste management system.     

Cr~(3+)胁迫对小球藻生理生化特性的影响

水体重金属污染较难处理,且会对水生物造成严重的影响。为探讨水体中重金属对藻类的毒性影响,以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和铬(Cr~(3+))为材料,研究不同浓度Cr~(3+)对普通小球藻生理、生化特性的影响,检测不同浓度的Cr~(3+)对小球藻的毒性效应。结果表明,小球藻的最优生长温度为31℃。此条件下,Cr~(3+)浓度为3 mg·L~(-1)时,小球藻的生物量最大。Cr~(3+)的浓度低于3 mg·L~(-1)时,Cr~(3+)能促进小球藻的生长,且藻细胞中光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性也逐渐增加。当各胁迫组的Cr~(3+)浓度超过3 mg·L~(-1)时,随着Cr~(3+)浓度的提高,C.vulgaris的生长受到明显的抑制,藻细胞的光合色素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而MDA含量持续增加,SOD和脯氨酸则表现出先持续增高后降低(Cr~(3+)浓度为7 mg·L~(-1)时)的趋势。证明不同浓度的Cr~(3+)对小球藻的生理生化特性有不同程度的毒性效应。     

长庆油田生活污水回用技术研究

文章分析了目前长庆油田站场生活污水处理工艺存在的问题,对生活污水处理工艺进行了改进,采用膜生物反应器工艺处理生活污水以得到优质的中水,从而回收利用。通过对实际工程进行水质监测,COD、氨氮、浊度的去除效果好于GB 18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》中冲厕、绿化等用水要求。通过中水回用,形成"给水→利用→处理→循环利用"的中水回用模式,既节约了新鲜水,又减少了污水排放,保护了油区生态环境。     

水刺滤料在垃圾焚烧烟气处理中的应用

介绍了某垃圾焚烧发电厂的概况及烟气特点,总结了目前高性能水刺滤料的特点和性能,详细阐述了水刺滤料在垃圾焚烧发电厂的成功应用情况。     

Evolutions of microbial degradation pathways for parent xenobiotic and for its metabolites follow different schemes

Background and purposes

The pathways used by microorganisms for the metabolism of every xenobiotic substrate are specific. The catabolism of a xenobiotic goes through a series of intermediate steps and lower intermediates (metabolites) appear in sequence. The structure of the metabolites can be similar to the parents due to kinship. The purposes of this study were to examine if the degradation pathways that were developed for a parent xenobiotic are effective to degrade the parent??s lower metabolites, and if the reverse is true.

Materials and methods

The xenobiotic substrates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D, the parent xenobiotic) and its metabolite 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), were independently subjected to acclimation and degradation tests by the biomasses of mixed-culture activated sludge and a pure culture of Arthrobacter sp.

Results

Activated sludge and Arthrobacter sp. that were acclimated to 2,4-D effectively degraded 2,4-D and the lower metabolites of 2,4-D, typically 2,4-DCP. During the degradation of 2,4-D, accumulations of the lower metabolites of 2,4-D were not found. The degradation pathways acquired from acclimation to 2,4-D are effective for all the metabolites of 2,4-D. However, pathways acquired from acclimation to 2,4-DCP are not effective in the degradation of the parent 2,4-D.

Conclusions

Microorganisms acclimated to 2,4-D evolve their degradation pathways by a scheme that is different from the scheme the microorganisms employ when they are acclimated to the metabolites of 2,4-D.